The continuous emergence of HIV-1 phenotypes resistant to the currently available drugs dictates a need to develop new therapies with alternative mechanisms of action. One such mechanism proposed in the present application is to exploit multimeric structures of a key HIV-1 enzyme integrase (IN). Our recent studies revealed a highly dynamic nature of interacting IN subunits. Interestingly, the integrase binding domain (IBD) of lens epithelium derived growth factor (LEDGF), a key cellular cofactor for HIV-1 integration, profoundly alters IN subunit-subunit interactions by """"""""locking"""""""" the free viral protein into a tetrameric state. This IN tetramer is active in the 3'-processing reaction but fails to catalyze the second biologically essential concerted integration step. These observations uncovered a potential novel mechanism of inhibiting the HIV-1 IN function and provided a compelling rationale for the following hypothesis: highly flexible multimeric forms of HIV-1 IN possess unique structural pockets that can be selectively targeted by small molecules to inhibit the concerted integration reaction. To address this premise we propose the following two principal aims.
Aim 1 will identify and characterize novel """"""""hotspots"""""""" within different multimeric forms of IN that can potentially be targeted by small molecule inhibitors. Innovative mass spectrometric protein footprinting and molecular modeling approaches will be used in these studies.
Aim 2 will develop and validate a novel fluorescence assay for high-throughput screening (HTS) of new types of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. The assay will monitor subunit-subunit interactions between affinity tag containing and tag-free fluorescently labeled proteins. The interacting proteins will be pulled down by the affinity resin and evaluated by fluorescence measurements. The productive exchange between the two protein subunits will result in strong fluorescence, while potent inhibitors of this reaction will significantly diminish the fluorescence signal. The assay will be optimized through initial screening of small chemical libraries. These studies will define important statistical parameters and an effective protocol for future application of the novel fluorescence assay for HTS of large chemical libraries.
Emergence of HIV-1 strains resistant to the current antiretroviral therapies is a serious clinical problem. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify and validate new viral targets for drug discovery. One such target investigated in the present proposal is a multimeric structure of a key HIV-1 enzyme integrase.
