Infections with human herpesviruses are endemic and are associated with a diverse set of diseases ranging in severity from mild cold sores to life-threatening illnesses in immunocompromised patients. While some herpesvirus infections can be treated with acyclovir and similar nucleoside analogues, substantial medical needs remain unmet for most herpesvirus diseases. Devising better strategies to combat these viruses requires in-depth understanding of their structure and how they replicate. The goal of this research project is to resolve the herpesvirus capsid at atomic resolution both in the context of the virion and in purified nucleocapsid forms, and to probe capsid structure and function by molecular genetics and biochemistry. Our current work has forced a reconsideration of capsid subunit organization, in particular of the CVSC molecule and the triplex molecule, and we expect to confirm and extend these results in our proposed studies. The CVSC (composed of the UL17 and UL25 proteins) is an important structural component on the capsid surface that is essential for DNA packaging, stabilization of the capsid, nuclear egress, and tegument binding. The triplex is essential for procapsid assembly and stabilization. The lack of crystallographic data for most of the capsid proteins makes cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) the method of choice to achieve the goal of an atomic-resolution description of the capsid. The project consists of three aims.
Aim 1 exploits recent advances in automated microscopy and (DED) electron detecting camera technology to extend our current ~6 resolution herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV) and pseudorabies virus (PRV) virion capsid structures to atomic resolution. Our goal is to define folds and interactions of subunits in situ so that we may better understand capsid architecture, assembly and function.
In Aim 2 we will determine the structure of the CVSC dimer and map functionally important regions of this complex and its essential function in packaging and retaining DNA in the capsid as well as binding the UL36 tegument protein. The goal of Aim 3 is to: (i) characterize the role and origin of the novel helices that our high resolution reconstructions have uncovered on the interior surface of the capsid, and (ii) determine the composition of the triplex and its structure when bound to the capsid. The proposed work will leverage the combined expertise in structural and computational biology (Conway lab) with expertise in virology and biochemistry (Homa lab). The combination of high-resolution cryoEM with molecular genetics is powerful for providing validation of structural models by pin-pointing specific amino acid location through labeling and for extending the structural information into functional models. The outcome of these studies will be an atomic resolution structure of the HSV and PRV capsids, and the knowledge gained will indicate novel structural targets for the development of highly specific herpes antivirals.

Public Health Relevance

Herpesviruses are a family of major human pathogens, causing chicken pox and shingles to cold and genital sores, amongst other diseases. Developing anti-viral drugs will require knowledge of the structural proteins and the processes of capsid assembly so that essential proteins and mechanisms of assembly can be targeted in a highly specific manner. This project is highly relevant to NIH's mission by laying the groundwork on which therapeutic remedy may be proposed, designed and tested.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AI089803-07
Application #
9315686
Study Section
Virology - A Study Section (VIRA)
Program Officer
Natarajan, Ramya
Project Start
2011-08-15
Project End
2020-07-31
Budget Start
2017-08-01
Budget End
2018-07-31
Support Year
7
Fiscal Year
2017
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Pittsburgh
Department
Anatomy/Cell Biology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
004514360
City
Pittsburgh
State
PA
Country
United States
Zip Code
15213
Ruhge, Laura L; Huet, Alexis G E; Conway, James F et al. (2018) The Apical Region of the Herpes Simplex Virus Major Capsid Protein Promotes Capsid Maturation. J Virol 92:
Heming, Jason D; Conway, James F; Homa, Fred L (2017) Herpesvirus Capsid Assembly and DNA Packaging. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 223:119-142
Huffman, Jamie B; Daniel, Gina R; Falck-Pedersen, Erik et al. (2017) The C Terminus of the Herpes Simplex Virus UL25 Protein Is Required for Release of Viral Genomes from Capsids Bound to Nuclear Pores. J Virol 91:
Huet, Alexis; Makhov, Alexander M; Huffman, Jamie B et al. (2016) Extensive subunit contacts underpin herpesvirus capsid stability and interior-to-exterior allostery. Nat Struct Mol Biol 23:531-9
Tandon, Ritesh; Mocarski, Edward S; Conway, James F (2015) The A, B, Cs of herpesvirus capsids. Viruses 7:899-914
Homa, F L; Huffman, J B; Toropova, K et al. (2013) Structure of the pseudorabies virus capsid: comparison with herpes simplex virus type 1 and differential binding of essential minor proteins. J Mol Biol 425:3415-28
Toropova, Katerina; Huffman, Jamie B; Homa, Fred L et al. (2011) The herpes simplex virus 1 UL17 protein is the second constituent of the capsid vertex-specific component required for DNA packaging and retention. J Virol 85:7513-22