Yearly, malaria kills 0.5 million people and infects over 300 million individuals. Few enzymes are unambiguous targets of approved antimalarials, so new high-value metabolic targets and their inhibitors are needed. Many clinically approved antibacterial and anticancer agents target DNA topoisomerases. While the community has lacked pure and stable malarial topoisomerases to work with, there are intriguing hints from preliminary data that clinically-approved antimalarials, such as pyronaridine, may inhibit malaria topoisomerases. A three-year NIH-funded research program has allowed our team to express large quantities of stable malaria topoisomerases, to setup robust assays for Plasmodium falciparum topoisomerase II and related enzymes, and to obtain the first x-ray crystal structure of a malarial topoisomerase II. With these resources, in Aim 1, we will start a thorough exploration of cell-active antimalarials to identify front-runner PfTopoII inhibitors for optimizaton.
In Aims 2 and 3, iterative medicinal chemistry will be guided by inhibition of enzyme and cell proliferation, target validation, PK-PD studies, safety evaluations, and activity against different stages of the parasite life-cycle, all to help deliver an antimalarial preclinical candidate. Based on our previous experiences, learnings, and success with malarial dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitors, we are confident in our ability to develop antimalarials directed at P. falciparum and P. vivax topoisomerases that have clinical potential.

Public Health Relevance

Widespread drug resistance in malaria parasites necessitates continuous discovery of high-value drug targets and their inhibitors. Previously, the investigator, in his own laboratory and as a part of larger drug discovery teams, has helped understand clinically useful antimalarial drugs, identified new drug targets, and synthesized nanomolar level inhibitors with appropriate pharmaceutical properties. One of these is currently a clinical candidate in human tests. The present proposal describes a new technical and operational approach to develop the first knowledge-based inhibitors against malaria parasite toposiomerase II.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
2R01AI093380-04A1
Application #
9029062
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-IDM-N (02))
Program Officer
Mcgugan, Glen C
Project Start
2011-02-01
Project End
2019-12-31
Budget Start
2016-01-15
Budget End
2016-12-31
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2016
Total Cost
$431,121
Indirect Cost
$149,121
Name
University of Washington
Department
Chemistry
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
605799469
City
Seattle
State
WA
Country
United States
Zip Code
98195
White, John; Dhingra, Satish K; Deng, Xiaoyi et al. (2018) Identification and Mechanistic Understanding of Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Point Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum that Confer in Vitro Resistance to the Clinical Candidate DSM265. ACS Infect Dis :
White, John; Rathod, Pradipsinh K (2018) Indispensable malaria genes. Science 360:490-491
Mudeppa, Devaraja G; Kumar, Shiva; Kokkonda, Sreekanth et al. (2015) Topoisomerase II from Human Malaria Parasites: EXPRESSION, PURIFICATION, AND SELECTIVE INHIBITION. J Biol Chem 290:20313-24
Kumar, Shiva; Krishnamoorthy, Kalyanaraman; Mudeppa, Devaraja G et al. (2015) Structure of Plasmodium falciparum orotate phosphoribosyltransferase with autologous inhibitory protein-protein interactions. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 71:600-8
Mudeppa, Devaraja G; Rathod, Pradipsinh K (2013) Expression of functional Plasmodium falciparum enzymes using a wheat germ cell-free system. Eukaryot Cell 12:1653-63
Mailu, Boniface M; Ramasamay, Gowthaman; Mudeppa, Devaraja G et al. (2013) A nondiscriminating glutamyl-tRNA synthetase in the plasmodium apicoplast: the first enzyme in an indirect aminoacylation pathway. J Biol Chem 288:32539-52