The type 1-interferon (IFN) response is the first line of defense against viral infections. Hundreds of proteins are induced in IFN-stimulated cells, and these proteins mediate a wide spectrum of anti-viral effects. ISG15 was one of the first IFN-induced proteins to be identified and the first ubiquitin-like protein (Ubl) to be discovered, however its biochemical function and the basis of its antiviral activities have remained largely uncharacterized for many years. ISG15 has anti-viral activity against a wide range of human viruses, including influenza, retroviruses, sindbis, ebola, and the ability of ISG15 to be conjugated to other proteins is likely to be essential for its anti-viral activity in all cases. ISG15 is conjugated to hundreds of cellular proteins in IFN-stimulated cells, and a single IFN-induced ligase, Herc5, mediates conjugation to nearly all of these target proteins. Based on extensive preliminary data, we hypothesize that Herc5 is ribosome-associated and ISGylates proteins in a co-translational manner, with little target protein specificity. We further hypothesize that in the context of an interferon response, newly translated viral proteins, rather than cellular proteins are the primary targets of this system, and that ISGylation is an attempt to inactivate the function of viral proteins.
The aims of this proposal will test both of these hypotheses. The interferon response is a mutli-faceted defensive shield that protects cells against a wide range of infectious agents, yet only a small number of IFN-induced proteins have been characterized in molecular detail. In addition, interferon is used therapeutically in treating viral infections (e.g., hepatitis B and C and papillomaviruses), as well as certain types of cancers and multiple sclerosis, yet it is not known which IFN-induced proteins mediate useful therapeutic effects and which mediate the notorious side effects of these therapies. A further understanding of the mechanism and function of ISG15 conjugation will present opportunities for either up- or down-modulating ISGylation activity in these clinical settings.

Public Health Relevance

ISG15 conjugation is now recognized to be an important aspect of the innate immune response against a wide range of human viral infections, and interferon therapies are approved for many disease states. It is essential to characterize the many facets of the interferon response system, including the ISG15 pathway, in order to improve and modulate anti-viral and interferon therapies.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AI096090-03
Application #
8459502
Study Section
Membrane Biology and Protein Processing (MBPP)
Program Officer
Leitner, Wolfgang W
Project Start
2011-05-01
Project End
2016-04-30
Budget Start
2013-05-01
Budget End
2014-04-30
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
$312,626
Indirect Cost
$101,126
Name
University of Texas Austin
Department
Biology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
170230239
City
Austin
State
TX
Country
United States
Zip Code
78712
Huibregtse, Jon M (2018) A proteasomal partner goes missing in Angelman syndrome. J Biol Chem 293:18400-18401
Swaim, Caleb D; Scott, Ariella F; Canadeo, Larissa A et al. (2017) Extracellular ISG15 Signals Cytokine Secretion through the LFA-1 Integrin Receptor. Mol Cell 68:581-590.e5
Wang, Feng; Canadeo, Larissa A; Huibregtse, Jon M (2015) Ubiquitination of newly synthesized proteins at the ribosome. Biochimie 114:127-33
Wang, Feng; Durfee, Larissa A; Huibregtse, Jon M (2013) A cotranslational ubiquitination pathway for quality control of misfolded proteins. Mol Cell 50:368-78
Durfee, Larissa A; Huibregtse, Jon M (2012) The ISG15 conjugation system. Methods Mol Biol 832:141-9
Bogunovic, Dusan; Byun, Minji; Durfee, Larissa A et al. (2012) Mycobacterial disease and impaired IFN-? immunity in humans with inherited ISG15 deficiency. Science 337:1684-8
Durfee, Larissa A; Huibregtse, Jon M (2010) Identification and Validation of ISG15 Target Proteins. Subcell Biochem 54:228-37