In both chronic HIV-1 and SIV infection, virus replication is concentrated in lymphoid tissues in follicular CD4+ T cells, which are 30 to 40 times more likely to be productively infected than extrafollicular CD4+ T cells. Reasons why lentiviruses are preferentially replicated by follicular CD4+ T cells and why virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) cannot suppress replication in these cells are not understood. Virus replication is not concentrated in B cell follicles in acute SIV infection, suggesting that te follicular concentration of virus may be related to adaptive immunity. T follicular helper cells (TFH) are a specialized subset of antigen-specific cells that migrate into B cell follicles where they interact with B cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDC) to promote B cell maturation and antibody production. We hypothesize that virus replication is concentrated within TFH in chronic HIV-1 and SIV infection due to 1) increased intrinsic susceptibility of TFH to productive lentiviru infection, 2) their location in germinal centers (GC) adjacent to antibody-virion complexes on FDC, and 3) numerical and functional deficiencies of follicular CTL. These hypotheses will be tested through a series of experiments both in vitro and in vivo using lymphoid tissues from humans and rhesus macaques.
In Aim 1, we will establish whether human and macaque TFH are intrinsically more susceptible to productive lentivirus infection than other CD4+ T cells through in vitro experimental infections with GFP reporter viruses.
In aim 2, we will determine the distribution and phenotype of productively infected T cells in vivo in both chronic and acute lentivirus infection by in situ tissue analyses as well as measuring viral RNA in sorted subsets of cells.
In Aim 3 we will investigate the hypothesis that numerical and/or functional deficiencies in follicular CTL contribute to the propagation of HIV-1 within B cell follicles using in situ studies in vitro assays of follicular CTL function, and CD8 depletion of rhesus macaques in vivo. In the context of all aims, we will evaluate the impact of T follicular regulatory cells (TFR), on HIV-1 replication and CTL function. Collectively, these studies will provide a wealth of new information on the cells that foster HIV-1 replication in B cell follicles and factors in the follicular milieuthat may promote or impair lentivirus replication. A better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie permissiveness of follicular CD4+ T cells to lentiviruses is vital to development of a protective vaccine or a functional cure for HIV-1.

Public Health Relevance

The aim of the proposed studies is to determine the mechanisms that underlie the concentration of HIV-1 replication within B cell follicles. The hypothesis is that persistent HIV-1 replication within follicles is due to heightened susceptibilit of CD4+ follicular T helper cells to lentivirus infection, the presence of potently infectious virin-antibody complexes on follicular dendritic cells in germinal centers, and deficiencies in number and function of follicular virus-specific CD8+ T cells. If these hypotheses are true, they would suggest targets for therapeutic strategies that could lead to a protective vaccine or a cure.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
7R01AI096966-05
Application #
9267334
Study Section
AIDS Immunology and Pathogenesis Study Section (AIP)
Program Officer
Church, Elizabeth S
Project Start
2012-12-01
Project End
2017-11-30
Budget Start
2016-05-01
Budget End
2016-11-30
Support Year
5
Fiscal Year
2016
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Arizona
Department
Internal Medicine/Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
806345617
City
Tucson
State
AZ
Country
United States
Zip Code
85721
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Bronnimann, Matthew P; Skinner, Pamela J; Connick, Elizabeth (2018) The B-Cell Follicle in HIV Infection: Barrier to a Cure. Front Immunol 9:20
Miller, Shannon M; Miles, Brodie; Guo, Kejun et al. (2017) Follicular Regulatory T Cells Are Highly Permissive to R5-Tropic HIV-1. J Virol 91:
Li, Shengbin; Mwakalundwa, Gwantwa; Skinner, Pamela J (2017) In Situ MHC-tetramer Staining and Quantitative Analysis to Determine the Location, Abundance, and Phenotype of Antigen-specific CD8 T Cells in Tissues. J Vis Exp :
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Miles, Brodie; Connick, Elizabeth (2016) TFH in HIV Latency and as Sources of Replication-Competent Virus. Trends Microbiol 24:338-344
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Haas, Michelle K; Levy, David N; Folkvord, Joy M et al. (2015) Distinct patterns of Bcl-2 expression occur in R5- and X4-tropic HIV-1-producing lymphoid tissue cells infected ex vivo. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 31:298-304
Miles, Brodie; Miller, Shannon M; Folkvord, Joy M et al. (2015) Follicular regulatory T cells impair follicular T helper cells in HIV and SIV infection. Nat Commun 6:8608

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