The goal of this project is to elucidate the mechanism by which Cortistatin A inhibits HIV-1 transcription. Human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) is the causative agent of AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). HIV anti-retroviral therapy is based on the administration of drugs in combination, in order to minimize development of mutations that can confer single-drug resistance to the virus. The viral protein Tat, a potent activator of HIV gene expression, is a potential antiviral target. We have discovered that Cortistatin A is a promising anti-Tat drug candidate. Cortistatin A is a steroidal alkaloid isolated from the marine sponge Corticium simplex. We have found that didehydro-Cortistatin A (CA for short), is a very potent inhibitor of Tat- activated transcription of the HIV-1 provirus. CA is extremely efficient at reducing viral output from acutely infected cells as well as from chronically infected cultured cells or freshly isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of CA for inhibiting HIV in chronic infected cells is less than 0.1 nM and the half maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) for CA in cultured cell lines or freshly isolated PBLs is more than 20 5M, which confers to CA a very promising therapeutic index. We have identified an interaction between CA and Tat and with the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) catalytic subunit. Upon HIV infection, DNA-PK tightly associates with Tat to promote phosphorylation of the transcription factor Sp1, which results in increased HIV-1 transcription initiation, via three Sp1 binding sites in the core of the HIV-1 promoter. Our hypothesis is that CA might repress HIV replication in two ways: by inhibiting Tat-TAR interaction, thereby inhibiting elongation by RNA Polymerase I (Pol I) from the HIV promoter;and/or by inhibiting DNA-PK activation of the transcription factor Sp1 and initiation/elongation of transcription by Pol II. Both routes would result in repression of HIV-1 transcriptional activation.
Our specific aims i nclude:
Aim 1. Determine whether CA inhibits HIV-1 Tat-TAR interaction in vitro and in vivo and if CA inhibits transcription elongation from the viral promoter. Assess whether CA inhibits Tat mediated DNA-PK phosphorylation of Sp1.
Aim 2. In-depth assessment of CA toxicity in vivo.
Aim 3. Determine CA effect on HIV-1 replication in humanized mice models. We will thus elucidate the mechanism by which CA inhibits HIV-1 transcription and evaluate its potential to inhibit HIV-1 replication in humanized mice. In order to generate a backup compound we will evaluate additional analogs generated during the course of this project. These analogs will be subsequently tested in the humanized mouse model.

Public Health Relevance

Finding new drugs to fight AIDS is a significant contribution to public health. We will decipher the mechanism of action of a natural compound that we showed to have very potent anti HIV properties by inhibiting the action of a viral protein involved in viral amplification.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AI097012-02
Application #
8383477
Study Section
AIDS Discovery and Development of Therapeutics Study Section (ADDT)
Program Officer
Miller, Roger H
Project Start
2011-12-01
Project End
2016-11-30
Budget Start
2012-12-01
Budget End
2013-11-30
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
$599,646
Indirect Cost
$227,814
Name
Scripps Florida
Department
Type
DUNS #
148230662
City
Jupiter
State
FL
Country
United States
Zip Code
33458
Mousseau, Guillaume; Valente, Susana T (2017) Role of Host Factors on the Regulation of Tat-Mediated HIV-1 Transcription. Curr Pharm Des 23:4079-4090
Kessing, Cari F; Nixon, Christopher C; Li, Chuan et al. (2017) In Vivo Suppression of HIV Rebound by Didehydro-Cortistatin A, a ""Block-and-Lock"" Strategy for HIV-1 Treatment. Cell Rep 21:600-611
Mousseau, Guillaume; Valente, Susana T (2016) Didehydro-Cortistatin A: a new player in HIV-therapy? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 14:145-8
Mediouni, Sonia; Jablonski, Joseph; Paris, Jason J et al. (2015) Didehydro-cortistatin A inhibits HIV-1 Tat mediated neuroinflammation and prevents potentiation of cocaine reward in Tat transgenic mice. Curr HIV Res 13:64-79
Mousseau, Guillaume; Mediouni, Sonia; Valente, Susana T (2015) Targeting HIV transcription: the quest for a functional cure. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 389:121-45
Mediouni, Sonia; Marcondes, Maria Cecilia Garibaldi; Miller, Courtney et al. (2015) The cross-talk of HIV-1 Tat and methamphetamine in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Front Microbiol 6:1164
Mousseau, Guillaume; Kessing, Cari F; Fromentin, Rémi et al. (2015) The Tat Inhibitor Didehydro-Cortistatin A Prevents HIV-1 Reactivation from Latency. MBio 6:e00465
Mousseau, Guillaume; Valente, Susana (2012) Strategies to Block HIV Transcription: Focus on Small Molecule Tat Inhibitors. Biology (Basel) 1:668-97
Mousseau, Guillaume; Clementz, Mark A; Bakeman, Wendy N et al. (2012) An analog of the natural steroidal alkaloid cortistatin A potently suppresses Tat-dependent HIV transcription. Cell Host Microbe 12:97-108