High-risk types of human papillomaviruses (HPV) are small, non-enveloped DNA viruses etiologically associated with 5% of human cancers, including essentially all cervical cancer, most other anogenital cancer, and an increasing fraction of oropharyngeal cancer. Vaccines have been developed that target some types of HPV, but the great majority of people will remain unvaccinated for the foreseeable future. Little is known about the intracellular events occurring during HPV entry into cells. To understand this important process in molecular detail, we performed a genome-wide RNA interference screen for genes required for infection of cervical cancer cells by HPV16 pseudovirus. The screen was technically robust and successfully identified several factors known to be required for HPV infection. In addition, the screen identified numerous novel essential factors, including several factors involved in retrograde transport to the Golgi apparatus. Prominent validated hits encode components of the retromer, a molecular machine involved in transport of cargo from endosomes to Golgi. In addition, incoming, partially disassembled HPV16 capsids localize to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) in a retromer-dependent fashion, and components of the retromer are in a physical complex with HPV capsid proteins in infected cells. Finally, a small molecular inhibitor of retrograde transport also specifically inhibits infection. Notably, the retromer has nt been previously implicated in entry of any virus. On the basis of these exciting discoveries, we hypothesize that retromer and associated pathways directly transport HPV into the TGN during virus entry. We propose experiments to test this hypothesis and identify the intracellular trafficking pathway(s) utilized by HPV16.
In aim 1, we will conduct genetic and cell localization experiments to explore the role of the endosome-to-Golgi retromer transport system during HPV infection and identify additional essential factors.
In aim 2, we will conduct biochemical and imaging experiments to identify and characterize proteins that associate with incoming HPV16 capsids, with a focus on retrograde pathway components.
In aim 3, we will conduct mutational and other analyses to test our hypothesis that retromer supports HPV infection by participating in the transfer of HPV constituents to the TGN. Overall, these experiments will elucidate the mechanistic details of HPV entry, provide new insights into fundamental cell biology, and suggest novel anti-viral strategies.

Public Health Relevance

The human papillomaviruses are responsible for approximately 5% of all cancers worldwide, and most of the world, including minority populations in the U.S., will remain unvaccinated against HPV for the foreseeable future. We have used functional genomics techniques to identify cellular proteins required for HPV infection and will here conduct experiments to determine how these proteins participate in infection. These studies will suggest new approaches to inhibit infection by these important human tumor viruses.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AI102876-02
Application #
8660613
Study Section
Virology - A Study Section (VIRA)
Program Officer
Park, Eun-Chung
Project Start
2013-05-15
Project End
2018-04-30
Budget Start
2014-05-01
Budget End
2015-04-30
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
$416,250
Indirect Cost
$166,250
Name
Yale University
Department
Genetics
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
043207562
City
New Haven
State
CT
Country
United States
Zip Code
06520
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Inoue, Takamasa; Zhang, Pengwei; Zhang, Wei et al. (2018) ?-Secretase promotes membrane insertion of the human papillomavirus L2 capsid protein during virus infection. J Cell Biol 217:3545-3559
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