The design of better vaccines focuses on optimizing numbers, functional features and longevity of memory cells in vivo. Current research indicates that the achievement of such goals involves optimizing three distinct signals during vaccination, which are antigen presentation, co-stimulation and inflammation. The effective delivery of these signals during the priming of vaccine-induced immunity is usually associated with robust effector and memory lymphocyte responses, and the ability of memory T cells to efficiently re-expand upon secondary antigen encounter. In addition, maintenance of memory cells is dependent on homeostatic cytokines and expression of sufficient levels of the receptors for these cytokines. While unraveling the mechanisms of differentiation of T cells into potent memory cells is critical to improve vaccination strategies, an alternative possibility that has only been minimally explored is to develop methods to enhance the activation and expression of effector functions of vaccine-induced memory T cells at the time of infection. The success of such an approach requires a thorough understanding of how memory T cells undergo activation in vivo, which is a major goal of the current proposal. Over the past several years, we developed an experimental system to study the activation of memory CD8+ T cells in vivo in mice infected with the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). With this system, we established that memory CD8+ T cells with the capacity to protect against lethal infection secreted the proinflammatory chemokine CCL3/MIP1 upon recognition of their cognate antigen, a feature that was lacking in memory cells from non-protected animals. CCL3 secretion by protective memory CD8+ T cells promoted efficient recruitment and activation of phagocytes, specifically neutrophils and a distinct subset of monocytes known as """"""""inflammatory monocytes"""""""", leading to microbial pathogens elimination. Most interestingly, our recent data show that the initial activation of memory CD8+ T cells in vivo is orchestrated by inflammatory monocytes and is independent of recognition of cognate antigen. Our working hypothesis postulates that inflammatory monocytes are central to optimal recall immune responses, both through activation of memory cells and for effective clearance of microbial pathogens. The current application proposes to investigate the molecular mechanisms that regulate memory CD8+ T cell activation in vivo and lead to enhanced pathogen killing. We will also assess such mechanism in models of inflammatory diseases such as type I diabetes.
As specific aims for this proposal, we will establish (i) the contribution of cognate antigen recognition and inflammatory signals to memory CD8+ T cell activation in vivo, (ii) how inflammatory monocytes orchestrate the reactivation of memory CD8+ T cells and (iii) whether inflammatory monocytes contribute to memory CD8+ T cell-mediated autoimmunity. We anticipate the results of this work to lay the foundations for best design of future therapies modulating the reactivation of memory CD8+ T cells.

Public Health Relevance

This project is investigating the function of cytotoxic memory cells that are induced upon vaccination. They represent a category of lymphocytes that play a critical role to fight infections and tumors. We propose here to study how these memory cells are reactivated inside infected hosts, at infectious sites. We also propose to assess whether in some instances these cells may worsen chronic inflammatory diseases. The outcome of the proposed studies is potentially important because it is likely to allow for the design of novel therapeutic strategies to modulate cytotoxic memory cells activation. There may be a direct benefit to human health.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01AI103338-01
Application #
8422357
Study Section
Cellular and Molecular Immunology - B Study Section (CMIB)
Program Officer
Kelly, Halonna R
Project Start
2012-12-15
Project End
2017-11-30
Budget Start
2012-12-15
Budget End
2013-11-30
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
$392,450
Indirect Cost
$157,450
Name
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Department
Microbiology/Immun/Virology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
110521739
City
Bronx
State
NY
Country
United States
Zip Code
10461
Lauvau, Grégoire; Boutet, Marie; Williams, Tere M et al. (2016) Memory CD8(+) T Cells: Innate-Like Sensors and Orchestrators of Protection. Trends Immunol 37:375-385
Lauvau, Grégoire; Loke, P'ng; Hohl, Tobias M (2015) Monocyte-mediated defense against bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Semin Immunol 27:397-409
Lauvau, Grégoire (2015) PI3-kinase, the key for bugs to get in? J Exp Med 212:127
Chandrabos, Ceena; M'Homa Soudja, Saïdi; Weinrick, Brian et al. (2015) The p60 and NamA autolysins from Listeria monocytogenes contribute to host colonization and induction of protective memory. Cell Microbiol 17:147-63
Lauvau, Grégoire; Soudja, Saïdi M'Homa (2015) Mechanisms of Memory T Cell Activation and Effective Immunity. Adv Exp Med Biol 850:73-80
Lauvau, Grégoire; Chorro, Laurent; Spaulding, Emily et al. (2014) Inflammatory monocyte effector mechanisms. Cell Immunol 291:32-40
Soudja, Saïdi M'Homa; Chandrabos, Ceena; Yakob, Ernest et al. (2014) Memory-T-cell-derived interferon-? instructs potent innate cell activation for protective immunity. Immunity 40:974-88
Ruiz, Anne L; Soudja, Saidi M'Homa; Deceneux, Cyril et al. (2014) NK1.1+ CD8+ T cells escape TGF-? control and contribute to early microbial pathogen response. Nat Commun 5:5150
Soudja, Saïdi M'Homa; Ruiz, Anne L; Marie, Julien C et al. (2012) Inflammatory monocytes activate memory CD8(+) T and innate NK lymphocytes independent of cognate antigen during microbial pathogen invasion. Immunity 37:549-62