In Africa, where Anopheles gambiae is the primary vector, the intensity of transmission and the spread of resistance in parasite and vector populations pose major challenges to malaria control. New insecticides and novel vector control strategies complementary to existing ones are badly needed. Foundational genomic resources for novel vector-based strategies are newly available for An. gambiae. Together, they enable detailed population genomics and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) aimed at understanding the genetic basis of epidemiologically important traits. However, An. gambiae is highly polymorphic for chromosomal inversions. Failing to account for inversions can mislead population genetic and genome-wide association studies and obscure relationships between inversions and epidemiologically relevant traits. Yet despite rapid advances in genome technology, cytogenetic determination of inversion status is the only method currently available. Inversion status is not obvious from genome re-sequencing data, as alleles are mapped to their position on a reference genome and not to their actual physical locations. Unfortunately, cytogenetic analysis is impractical or even prohibitive. Addressing this gap, the central goal of this R01 is to develop and validate computational and molecular inversion genotyping approaches, enabling a modern assessment of the association between inversions and epidemiologically relevant traits. Toward this end, we propose three specific Aims: (1) Develop a computational karyotyping approach applicable to SNP genotype data. Our preliminary data for two inversions, based on existing Ag1000G sequences, indicates that there are SNPs that can serve as surrogate markers for alternative orientations. Using field-collected mosquitoes of known karyotype and with sequencing support from Ag1000G, we will validate these results on wider geographic samples and extend them to additional inversions. (2) Develop a molecular karyotyping approach applicable without sequencing. Using an existing battery of karyotyped samples, we will develop simple and rapid molecular assays that eliminate the need to PCR amplify across variable breakpoint regions, and are accessible to any lab. (3) Assess the association between karyotype and malariologically important parameters. Leveraging existing An. gambiae samples, we will apply our computational and molecular karyotyping methods to test for a relationship between karyotype, indoor resting behavior, and parasite rate. Together, these tools will empower efforts to map and monitor epidemiologically important traits in vector populations.

Public Health Relevance

Anopheles gambiae, the principal vector of malaria in Africa, is highly polymorphic for chromosome inversions. The only method currently available for inversion genotyping is impractical or even prohibitive, but failing to account for inversions can mislead population genetic and genome-wide association studies, and obscure relationships between inversions and the epidemiologically relevant traits that they influence. The expected outcomes of this project are sets of tools that will allow high-throughput and low cost inversion genotyping, which will empower efforts to monitor, map, and functionally dissect epidemiologically important vector traits.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01AI125360-01A1
Application #
9302179
Study Section
Vector Biology Study Section (VB)
Program Officer
Costero-Saint Denis, Adriana
Project Start
2017-02-14
Project End
2022-01-31
Budget Start
2017-02-14
Budget End
2018-01-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2017
Total Cost
$515,479
Indirect Cost
$158,512
Name
University of Notre Dame
Department
Biology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
824910376
City
Notre Dame
State
IN
Country
United States
Zip Code
46556
Cheng, Changde; Tan, John C; Hahn, Matthew W et al. (2018) Systems genetic analysis of inversion polymorphisms in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115:E7005-E7014
Wiltshire, Rachel M; Bergey, Christina M; Kayondo, Jonathan K et al. (2018) Reduced-representation sequencing identifies small effective population sizes of Anopheles gambiae in the north-western Lake Victoria basin, Uganda. Malar J 17:285
Lukindu, Martin; Bergey, Christina M; Wiltshire, Rachel M et al. (2018) Spatio-temporal genetic structure of Anopheles gambiae in the Northwestern Lake Victoria Basin, Uganda: implications for genetic control trials in malaria endemic regions. Parasit Vectors 11:246