Given the uncontrolled spread of SARS-CoV-2 and the devastating impact on public health, therapeutic interventions are urgently needed for disease control. Indeed, several biotech and academic groups are currently focusing their efforts on the isolation and clinical development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with potent neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2. During the past few weeks, a number of neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV- 2 mAbs have entered clinical testing, representing promising therapeutic modalities for the control of COVID-19 disease. In parallel, several vaccine candidates are currently in clinical development or testing, aiming to provide life-long immunity against SARS-CoV-2. However, a major safety concern for these approaches has been the potential of antiviral IgG antibodies to enhance, rather than control, infection; a phenomenon termed as antibody- dependent enhancement (ADE). Although ADE has been primarily demonstrated for flaviviruses, like dengue, it is unknown whether this phenomenon also extends to coronaviruses, like SARS-CoV-2. Previous studies on SARS-CoV suggest that IgG antibodies against the Spike protein may promote infection of leukocytes and modulate disease severity by triggering acute lung injury through excessive or inappropriate activation of pro- inflammatory pathways. This pathogenic activity is proposed to be mediated through the interaction of their Fc domains with Fc?Rs expressed on the surface of effector leukocytes. Given the ongoing clinical development efforts for antibody-based therapeutics and vaccines to control SARS-CoV-2 infection, it is important to assess whether anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies have the capacity to mediate ADE and if so, determine the precise molecular mechanisms and the role of Fc?Rs in this process. A major obstacle in the study of human Fc function in vivo is the substantial interspecies differences in the Fc?R biology between humans and other mammalian species, necessitating the development of novel animal strains that recapitulate the unique complexity of human Fc?R structural and functional attributes. To overcome these limitations, the proposed studies aim to develop novel mouse strains and hamster models of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which will be used to systematically evaluate the in vivo pathogenic activity of a panel of anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs and polyclonal IgG antibodies from recovered COVID-19 patients. By comparing the capacity of Fc-engineered mAbs with defined Fc?R binding profile to mediate ADE of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the proposed studies will provide novel insights into the in vivo ADE activity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies, characterizing the precise Fc?R pathways that contribute to disease pathogenesis.
In response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, antibodies are elicited, contributing to antiviral protection. However, it is possible that antibodies could also increase infection and exacerbate disease, a phenomenon termed as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). The proposed studies aim to characterize the capacity of anti-SARS- CoV-2 antibodies to mediate ADE and determine the mechanisms that drive these pathogenic activities.
