This R01 competitive renewal application focuses on a novel mechanism of acquired resistance to hormone therapy in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) called lineage plasticity. During the initial 5 year funding cycle, we focused primarily on two other mechanisms of resistance: mutation or amplification of the androgen receptor (AR) and bypass of AR signaling through upregulation of the closely related glucocorticoid receptor. This work is described briefly in the Progress Report section of the Research Strategy and in the papers cited in the Progress Report Publication List. Here we shift our attention to a third mechanism of acquired resistance that we recently reported called lineage plasticity, in which prostate cancers escape hormone therapy by changing their identity from an AR dependent luminal lineage phenotype to an AR independent non-luminal lineage. This resistance mechanism occurs primarily in tumors deficient in the tumor suppressor genes TP53 and RB1 (which account for ~15% of CRPC) and is explained, in part, by upregulation of the reprogramming factor SOX2 which enables luminal epithelial cells to acquire characteristics of basal epithelial, mesenchymal and neuroendocrine cells that are no longer dependent on AR signaling for survival. We have developed genetically-defined mouse and human prostate cancer models (using organoid technology, xenografts and orthotopic tumor models) that recapitulate all the phenotypes of lineage plasticity observed in CRPC patients with reproducible, defined kinetics that make these models suitable for detailed mechanistic investigation.
In Aim 1, we will identify the regulators of these lineage transitions, starting with a series of timecourse experiments using RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, chromatin ChIP-seq and single cell RNA-seq to define the transcriptomic and chromatin landscape changes associated with these changing phenotypes.
Aim 2 will address the mechanism by which antiandrogen therapy can accelerate the development of lineage plasticity, which we postulate is through disruption of an AR-driven transcriptional program that helps maintain luminal identity. The results could have implications for the timing and context in which hormone therapy is used clinically.
In Aim 3, we will identify candidate drug targets that block the development of lineage plasticity by conducting a pooled CRISPR screen of a library focused exclusively on chromatin modifying enzymes (selected based on our recent data implicating EZH2 as one such target). We will characterize the hits from this screen with the long range goal of developing combination therapy regimens (with antiandrogen therapy) that prevent resistance. In summary, this application will generate novel mechanistic insight into lineage plasticity in prostate cancer, with obvious implications for the clinical challenge of drug resistance. The findings are also likely to have relevance for other epithelial tumor types such as lung cancer, breast cancer and melanoma where evidence implicating lineage plasticity as a cause of drug resistance has also emerged.

Public Health Relevance

26,000 men die each year in the US from metastatic prostate cancer because the disease develops resistance to the primary treatment, called hormone therapy. DNA sequencing studies have identified a subset of patients who develop resistance through a mechanism called lineage plasticity, where the tumors change their identity from a luminal prostate cell that responds to hormone therapy to a non-luminal cell that is resistant. This application will investigate the molecular details of how this happens, using laboratory models and patient samples, with the goal of gaining insight into how to prevent this form of resistance from developing.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01CA155169-09
Application #
10083715
Study Section
Basic Mechanisms of Cancer Therapeutics Study Section (BMCT)
Program Officer
Forry, Suzanne L
Project Start
2012-05-01
Project End
2022-12-31
Budget Start
2021-01-01
Budget End
2021-12-31
Support Year
9
Fiscal Year
2021
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research
Department
Type
DUNS #
064931884
City
New York
State
NY
Country
United States
Zip Code
10065
Armenia, Joshua; Wankowicz, Stephanie A M; Liu, David et al. (2018) The long tail of oncogenic drivers in prostate cancer. Nat Genet 50:645-651
Nava Rodrigues, Daniel; Rescigno, Pasquale; Liu, David et al. (2018) Immunogenomic analyses associate immunological alterations with mismatch repair defects in prostate cancer. J Clin Invest 128:4441-4453
Karthaus, Wouter R; Sawyers, Charles L (2018) Strategies to Identify and Target Cells of Origin in Prostate Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst :
Luo, Jun; Attard, Gerhardt; Balk, Steven P et al. (2018) Role of Androgen Receptor Variants in Prostate Cancer: Report from the 2017 Mission Androgen Receptor Variants Meeting. Eur Urol 73:715-723
Hieronymus, Haley; Murali, Rajmohan; Tin, Amy et al. (2018) Tumor copy number alteration burden is a pan-cancer prognostic factor associated with recurrence and death. Elife 7:
Puca, Loredana; Bareja, Rohan; Prandi, Davide et al. (2018) Patient derived organoids to model rare prostate cancer phenotypes. Nat Commun 9:2404
Shah, Neel; Wang, Ping; Wongvipat, John et al. (2017) Regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor via a BET-dependent enhancer drives antiandrogen resistance in prostate cancer. Elife 6:
Bose, Rohit; Karthaus, Wouter R; Armenia, Joshua et al. (2017) ERF mutations reveal a balance of ETS factors controlling prostate oncogenesis. Nature 546:671-675
Ku, Sheng Yu; Rosario, Spencer; Wang, Yanqing et al. (2017) Rb1 and Trp53 cooperate to suppress prostate cancer lineage plasticity, metastasis, and antiandrogen resistance. Science 355:78-83
Mu, Ping; Zhang, Zeda; Benelli, Matteo et al. (2017) SOX2 promotes lineage plasticity and antiandrogen resistance in TP53- and RB1-deficient prostate cancer. Science 355:84-88

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