Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignancy of the central nervous system that is nearly universally fatal. Constitutive activation of tyrosine phosphorylation signaling pathways is one hallmark of cancers, including GBMs. GBMs show elevated levels and persistent activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3 (STAT-3), a transcription factor that drives expression of genes that regulate anti-apoptotic responses, angiogenesis, cell proliferation and signal transduction. Importantly, STAT-3 was recently shown to be a master regulator of GBM aggressiveness. Janus Kinase 1 (JAK1) and JAK2, tyrosine kinases critical for STAT-3 activation, are also inappropriately activated in GBMs. We have recently demonstrated aberrant expression of endogenous regulators of the JAK/STAT-3 pathway. Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT-3 (PIAS3), a negative regulator of activated STAT-3, is absent or expressed at very low levels in GBMs, and CK2, a protein kinase important for potentiating JAK1, JAK2 and STAT-3 activation, is over-expressed in GBMs. The premise of this application is that the JAK/STAT-3 signaling axis is inappropriately activated in the context of GBMs, and that therapeutic intervention will be of clinical benefit to patients with GBMs.
Aim 1 will characterize the JAK/STAT-3 Molecular Profiles in Primary GBM Tumors and Impact on Patient Survival. The activational status of this pathway in glioma tissues will be examined, and associations with PIAS3 and/or CK2, with tumor grade, GBM subtypes (classical, mesenchymal, proneural, neural), and overall patient survival analyzed.
Aim 2 will elucidate the Mechanism(s) by Which the JAK/STAT-3 Pathway is activated in GBMs, and test the influence of AZD1480, a potent inhibitor of activated JAK1/JAK2, in glioma xenografts and glioblastoma stem cells (GBM-SC). Analysis of how xenograft and GBM-SC gene expression and/or behavior is affected when PIAS3 or CK2 expression is modulated will also be examined.
Aim 3 will elucidate the Role of Activated JAK/STAT-3 on Gliomagenesis in Vivo, and the Efficacy of the JAK1/JAK2 Inhibitor AZD1480 in preclinical models of malignant gliomas. Changes in survival rates, tumor growth rates, invasion and angiogenesis for human glioma xenografts treated with AZD1480 alone and in conjunction with temozolomide/radiation will be evaluated. Syngeneic GBM models will also be evaluated. The proposed studies are innovative and novel because they are the first comprehensive analysis of the inter- relationships between JAK1, JAK2, STAT-3, PIAS3 and CK2, and whether their expression levels predict patient survival and/or serve as prognostic factors for GBMs. This analysis of GBM tissue samples, TCGA and Oncomine data, human glioma xenografts, GBM-SC, pre-clinical models of glioma and use of AZD1480 will provide the foundation for proposed therapeutic intervention of the JAK/STAT-3 signaling axis in patients with GBMs.
One critically important signaling pathway gaining interest in the context of GBMs is the JAK/STAT-3 pathway, and we hypothesize that JAKs are novel therapeutic targets in GBMs. We will test for the first time the potent JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor AZD1480: by inhibiting the upstream kinases JAK1 and JAK2, AZD1480 treatment will lead to inhibition of STAT-3 activation, gene expression, and the biological functions that promote and sustain gliomagenesis. Collectively, the results from this proposal will provide a compelling rationale for the use of JAK/STAT-3 inhibitors in clinical trials for patients with GBMs.
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