Targeting key apoptosis regulators to overcome the apoptotic resistance of cancer cells is a highly attractive therapeutic strategy. Pro-apoptotic BAX is a critical member of the BCL-2 protein family, which is composed of opposing pro- and anti-apoptotic members that dictate cellular life and death at the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Pro-apoptotic BAX, upon activation, translocates from the cytosol to the mitochondria to execute permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane, the point of no return for mitochondrial apoptosis. The role of BAX in cell death regulation, tumorigenesis and chemotherapy-induced cancer cell death has been well established. Furthermore, significant overexpression of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 members, the inhibitors of BAX, is common in cancer cells and contributes to tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. Therefore, the vast majority of cancer cells contain functional but suppressed BAX. We previously discovered the BAX trigger site that regulates the activation of cytosolic BAX and a small molecule that binds to the trigger site of BAX and induces BAX activation, enabling the direct and rational targeting of this high-profile apoptotic target. Here, we propose to evaluate the potential of the trigger site of BAX as a novel pharmacological strategy to reactivate cancer cell death and investigate BAX activator molecules (BAMs) as promising prototype therapeutics, in the context of resistant Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Specifically, we will 1) characterize novel BAMs in binding, structural and biochemical studies for binding selectively to the BAX trigger site and induction of BAX activation, 2) investigate the direct activation mechanism of BAX to reactivate BAX-mediated apoptosis in human AML cells and genetically modified cancer cells, 3) examine the therapeutic efficacy of direct BAX activation, in human AML xenografts and in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies, using our novel lead compound and 4) synthesize novel BAMs for target validation and improvement of potency, selectivity and pharmacological properties. Thus, we propose a multidisciplinary approach that combines synthetic chemistry, structural biology, biochemistry, cancer cell biology and in vivo efficacy studies to validate a novel small-molecule therapeutic approach to restore cancer cell death and provide BAMs as potential lead structures for cancer therapeutics.
Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, regulates the critical balance between cellular life and death and, when it is deregulated, it can contribute to the pathogenesis, maintenance and chemoresistance of tumors. Pro-apoptotic BAX operates as gateway to apoptosis and recent discoveries about its mechanism of activation promise to enable opportunities for modulating apoptosis for therapeutic benefit. The goal of this proposal is to investigate a novel small-molecule therapeutic approach, by directly targeting pro-apoptotic BAX, to promote selective apoptosis in cancer cells.
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