The analysis of hair for drugs of abuse is of interest in toxicology, and to determine compliance or recidivism in patients in drug-abuse treatment programs, to provide a scientific marker for epidemiological studies of drug abuse, to serve as a deterrent to drug usage by fear of detection, and to aid in the detection of potential drug exposure in newborns by drug detection in the mother during pregnancy and in the newborn at birth. It is probable that drugs can be detected in hair at times when the plasma does not contain measurable concentrations of drugs. Thus, there is a greater need to establish the basic pharmacologic principles of dose- response and time-response for the concentration of drugs of abuse in human hair. To establish these principles the aims of this project are: 1) To develop ultra-sensitive, selective and reliable gas chromatography/mass spectrometry methods to measure drugs of abuse in hair. Each method will be evaluated for removal of surface-absorbed contaminants, enzymatic or alkaline digestion of hair, selective extraction of drugs and/or metabolites, conversion of the drugs to derivatives well-suited for GC/MS analysis, and analysis of the derivatized drugs by gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry; 2) To develop and validate relevant models of in vitro human hair culture and of human scalp skin (containing hair) transplanted to nude mice. The model of human scalp skin containing hair will be validated for dose-response and time-response relationships by similar studies in human subjects. This model will be used to study, in detail, the factors that control the concentration of drugs in hair; and 3) To develop a model for the study of the pharmacokinetics of drugs of abuse in the hair of human subjects. Codeine will be administrated to male and female human subjects in single, increasing doses and multiple doses to determine the dose-response and time-response relationships with drug concentrations in hair. The effect of hair color and racial and ethnic background on drug concentration in hair will also be determined. Preliminary data presented with this proposal demonstrate that we are able to quantitate morphine in human hair obtained from heroin users and that we are able graft human scalp skin, containing hair follicles, to nude mice. Experiments to achieve the above aims will provide data for the careful, scientific study of the factors controlling the disposition of drugs of abuse in human hair.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01DA007820-04
Application #
2120275
Study Section
Drug Abuse Biomedical Research Review Committee (DABR)
Project Start
1992-03-01
Project End
1996-04-30
Budget Start
1995-03-01
Budget End
1996-04-30
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
1995
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Utah
Department
Pharmacology
Type
Schools of Pharmacy
DUNS #
City
Salt Lake City
State
UT
Country
United States
Zip Code
84112
Roberts, Jessica K; Cook, Sarah F; Stockmann, Chris et al. (2015) A Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Dextroamphetamine in the Plasma and Hair of Healthy Adults. Clin Drug Investig 35:633-43
Cadwallader, Amy B; Lim, Carol S; Rollins, Douglas E et al. (2011) The androgen receptor and its use in biological assays: looking toward effect-based testing and its applications. J Anal Toxicol 35:594-607
Cadwallader, Amy B; Rollins, Douglas E; Lim, Carol S (2010) Effect of anabolic-androgenic steroids and glucocorticoids on the kinetics of hAR and hGR nucleocytoplasmic translocation. Mol Pharm 7:689-98
Borges, Chad R; Roberts, Jeanette C; Wilkins, Diana G et al. (2003) Cocaine, benzoylecgonine, amphetamine, and N-acetylamphetamine binding to melanin subtypes. J Anal Toxicol 27:125-34
Rollins, Douglas E; Wilkins, Diana G; Krueger, Gerald G et al. (2003) The effect of hair color on the incorporation of codeine into human hair. J Anal Toxicol 27:545-51
Borges, Chad R; Martin, Steve D; Meyer, Laurence J et al. (2002) Influx and efflux of amphetamine and N-acetylamphetamine in keratinocytes, pigmented melanocytes, and nonpigmented melanocytes. J Pharm Sci 91:1523-35
Borges, C R; Roberts, J C; Wilkins, D G et al. (2001) Relationship of melanin degradation products to actual melanin content: application to human hair. Anal Biochem 290:116-25
Borges, C R; Wilkins, D G; Rollins, D E (2001) Amphetamine and N-acetylamphetamine incorporation into hair: an investigation of the potential role of drug basicity in hair color bias. J Anal Toxicol 25:221-7
O'Neal, C L; Crouch, D J; Rollins, D E et al. (2000) The effects of collection methods on oral fluid codeine concentrations. J Anal Toxicol 24:536-42
Crouch, D J; Rollins, D E; Canfield, D V et al. (1999) Quantitation of alprazolam and alpha-hydroxyalprazolam in human plasma using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 23:479-85

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