Early substance use (E-SU) is known to increase the risk of abuse, dependence, addiction, polydrug use, and other problematic outcomes in adulthood. Therefore, the U.S. Surgeon General's office has issued a call-to-action to stop underage use, especially in adolescents less than 15 years of age. This goal is especially compelling for American Indians, for some of whom lifetime burden from substance use is particularly high. In order to prevent E-SU effectively, however, we need firm evidence regarding the childhood environment that increases (or decreases) children's risk for E-SU. Yet very little is presently known about early environmental risks for E-SU specifically and in diverse samples, which constitutes a major gap in knowledge with substantial implications for prevention. The proposed research fills in this gap by applying a developmental life course model to longitudinal data spanning childhood to age 30. Specifically, we propose to examine developmental features of environmental risk, including distinctions of timing, duration, and co-occurrence with other risks; the earliest ages of onset; protective factors that could neutralize risk; and vulnerability factors that could exacerbate the contributions of the risk environment to E-SU. Many studies are also not informative about sex differences in associations between risk and E-SU or co-occurring adolescent psychological, social, and biological transitions such as puberty. The proposed program of secondary data analyses tests a life-course developmental model of E-SU that examines whether youth with E-SU are characterized by distinct profiles of risk and protective factors compared to their peers. Because E-SU occurs during periods of major psychosocial and brain developments, our life-course model also tests whether E-SU itself contributes to poor adult outcomes, even when holding constant prior environmental risk and child behaviors. Data come from a large ongoing, community-representative, prospectively longitudinal, study, the Great Smoky Mountains Study (GSMS). The GSMS has assessed a wide array of risk factors, use of many different substances, additional psychiatric symptoms and disorders, and the developmental transitions from childhood to young adulthood on up to eleven occasions spanning ages 9 to 30, providing an unparalleled opportunity to study pathways to and from E-SU. The dataset also includes a sizable American Indian subsample, allowing us to test our life-course model of E-SU in this understudied population. The proposed analyses offer an unprecedented opportunity to generate new insights into risk, resilience, and outcomes for E-SU in rural American Indian and Anglo females and males. Results from the proposed research will have implications for both prevention and intervention research by identifying who is most at risk for early substance use, when, and why. Results will also have implications for basic research investigating associations between E-SU and long- term outcomes, because such associations can only be understood when the early risk environment of E-SU is well-characterized and taken into account.

Public Health Relevance

The proposed study will test a comprehensive and nuanced life-course model of substance use before age 15 that simultaneously characterizes both: a) the early psychosocial and biological risk and resilience environment of early substance use, and b) the long-term outcomes of such early use. Results will be particularly informative about understudied groups who tend to suffer disproportionately from substance use-rural American Indian and White/Anglo youth-whose pathways to and from early substance use have not been comprehensively documented using longitudinal data beginning in childhood and following the same individuals into adulthood. Testing our developmental life-course model will inform prevention efforts by identifying who is most at risk for early substance use, when, and why.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01DA036523-03
Application #
9017989
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-PSE-P (55))
Program Officer
Etz, Kathleen
Project Start
2014-03-01
Project End
2017-02-28
Budget Start
2016-03-01
Budget End
2017-02-28
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2016
Total Cost
$223,788
Indirect Cost
$47,073
Name
University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
Department
Psychology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
608195277
City
Chapel Hill
State
NC
Country
United States
Zip Code
27599
Hill, Sherika; Shanahan, Lilly; Costello, E Jane et al. (2017) Predicting Persistent, Limited, and Delayed Problematic Cannabis Use in Early Adulthood: Findings From a Longitudinal Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 56:966-974.e4
Clark, Shaunna L; McClay, Joseph L; Adkins, Daniel E et al. (2017) Deep Sequencing of 71 Candidate Genes to Characterize Variation Associated with Alcohol Dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 41:711-718
Copeland, William E; Hill, Sherika; Costello, E Jane et al. (2017) Cannabis Use and Disorder From Childhood to Adulthood in a Longitudinal Community Sample With American Indians. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 56:124-132.e2
Costello, E Jane; Copeland, William; Angold, Adrian (2016) The Great Smoky Mountains Study: developmental epidemiology in the southeastern United States. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 51:639-46
Copeland, William E; Wolke, Dieter; Shanahan, Lilly et al. (2015) Adult Functional Outcomes of Common Childhood Psychiatric Problems: A Prospective, Longitudinal Study. JAMA Psychiatry 72:892-9
Erskine, H E; Moffitt, T E; Copeland, W E et al. (2015) A heavy burden on young minds: the global burden of mental and substance use disorders in children and youth. Psychol Med 45:1551-63
Copeland, William E; Brotman, Melissa A; Costello, E Jane (2015) Normative Irritability in Youth: Developmental Findings From the Great Smoky Mountains Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 54:635-42
Adkins, Daniel E; Clark, Shaunna L; Copeland, William E et al. (2015) Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Alcohol Consumption Across Youth and Early Adulthood. Twin Res Hum Genet 18:335-47
Shanahan, L; Zucker, N; Copeland, W E et al. (2015) Childhood somatic complaints predict generalized anxiety and depressive disorders during young adulthood in a community sample. Psychol Med 45:1721-30
Copeland, William E; Shanahan, Lilly; Davis, Maryann et al. (2015) Increase in untreated cases of psychiatric disorders during the transition to adulthood. Psychiatr Serv 66:397-403

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