As one of the key active ingredients of tobacco smoke, nicotine exerts its actions primarily on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are expressed on neurons, microglia, and other cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Activation of nAChRs by nicotine has various potential therapeutic immune benefits, including modulation of inflammatory responses, maintenance of immune homeostasis, and regulation of expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors. However, smokers have a higher rate of HIV disease progression and behavioral and cognitive complications, with differences seen between male and female smokers. It has been suggested that prolonged exposure to nicotine in HIV patients through cigarette smoking might decrease the expression and desensitize the activation of nAChRs, which could dampen nicotine's ability to mediate immune responses. During the past several years, we have conducted a series of behavioral and molecular studies using a rodent HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-1Tg) rat model to study various medical issues, including immunity, associated with HIV patients receiving combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART). We used this HIV-transgenic rat model to determine the effects of nicotine on brain function in the presence of HIV-1 proteins and found that chronic treatment with nicotine can restore the expression of many genes altered by the HIV-1 viral proteins in signaling pathways involved in immunity and other neuronal systems. In addition, we found that expression of various nAChR subunits, especially ?6, ?3, and ?4, and immune-related genes, such as interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) and interleukin-1? (IL-1?), differ greatly in HIV-1Tg rats compared with F344 controls. Our findings indicate that HIV-1 proteins greatly impact CNS immunity as well as nAChR function and alter the responsiveness to nicotine in certain immune-related and nAChR-mediated signaling pathways. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that there are significant interactions between nicotine and HIV-1 proteins that affect the immune response to nicotine in the brain of HIV-1-positive individuals. To test this hypothesis, we propose the following three aims.
Aim 1 is to determine the interactive effects of nicotine and HIV viral proteins on microglia and macrophages in the brain as well as cytokine production in the blood and brain of the HIV-1Tg rat.
Aim 2 is to compare the interactive effects of nicotine and HIV-1 viral proteins on gene expression in three brain regions of male and female HIV-1Tg rats using RNA-seq analysis.
Aim 3 is to characterize specific genes and pathways that mediate the effects of the interaction between nicotine and HIV- 1 viral proteins using various molecular techniques, including CRISPR gene editing. The proposed studies represent the first application of next-generation sequencing technique in combination with conventional molecular approaches to investigate the modulatory effects of chronic use of nicotine on CNS immunity in the presence of HIV-1 viral proteins. By combining both genomic and molecular approaches, our studies will be comprehensive and free of subjective bias and assure the value of the data for the development of new strategies for treating HIV-1 patients who use nicotine.

Public Health Relevance

This project will investigate the effects of nicotine on immunity in the brain using the HIV-1 transgenic rat, a rodent model for HIV patents on combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART). Changes in genes and biological pathways in various brain regions following chronic nicotine treatment will be examined using cutting edge genetic and molecular techniques. The findings from the proposed studies will provide valuable information which could lead to the development of new strategies for the treatment of HIV patients who smoke.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01DA046258-03
Application #
9897503
Study Section
NeuroAIDS and other End-Organ Diseases Study Section (NAED)
Program Officer
Sorensen, Roger
Project Start
2018-05-01
Project End
2023-03-31
Budget Start
2020-04-01
Budget End
2021-03-31
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2020
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Seton Hall University
Department
Pharmacology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
079324315
City
South Orange
State
NJ
Country
United States
Zip Code
07079