1 The ongoing opioid crisis has led to renewed concerns about the clinical prescription of addictive opioid 2 analgesics. However, there currently are no suitable alternatives for treating severe or malignant pain. Studies 3 of opioid signaling mechanisms in mice lacking the ?-arrestin 2 gene indicate that the acute analgesic effects 4 of morphine were enhanced in these mice, and subsequent studies reported that undesirable effects of 5 morphine including respiratory depression, constipation, and analgesic tolerance were all diminished in the 6 absence of ?-arrestin signaling. These findings have led to increased efforts in developing novel opioid drugs 7 that, based on their preferential activation of G-protein signaling over ?-arrestin signaling in vitro, can be 8 characterized as `biased' agonists. However, although clear distinctions in receptor-activated signaling of 9 opioid ligands are found in vitro, the extent to which these cellular differences predict differing profiles of opioid 10 activity in vivo remains uncertain. Currently, there is not sufficient information to conclude whether biased 11 signaling can indeed be associated with reduced opioid side effects and, consequently, an improved safety 12 profile of `biased' agonists compared to conventional prescription opioids. The present application intends to 13 address the need for preclinical data to rigorous evaluate this possibility with a program of in vivo studies of the 14 effects of novel opioid biased agonists in nonhuman primates. In these studies, we will employ well-established 15 and highly translational pharmacological methods to compare prescription opioids that are `balanced' agonists, 16 i.e., signal through both G-protein and ?-arrestin paths (morphine, oxycodone, and fentanyl) with the `biased' 17 agonist PZM21 and two novel ligands that are provided by colleagues at the NIDA IRP and that, based on in 18 vitro data, also can be characterized as opioid `biased' agonists. First, the acute effects of different opioids will 19 be studied using well-validated assays of antinociception and operant performance, respiratory function, and 20 abuse potential. Data from these studies will enable us to rigorously characterize and compare both the 21 beneficial and unwanted effects of the `balanced' and `biased' agonists. Next, the same drugs will be compared 22 during regimens of chronic treatment. In these studies, assays of antinociception and operant performance will 23 be used to evaluate tolerance, defined by rightward or downward movement of the opioid dose-effect function, 24 and assays of respiratory function and observable behavior to evaluate the presence of opioid dependence, 25 evident as increases in ventilation or characteristic behavioral signs following antagonist administration. The 26 results of the latter studies will provide critical information regarding the dependence liability of `biased' 27 agonists that, in clinical practice, might be given on a repeated, or chronic, basis. Finally, cognizant of sex- 28 related differences in the effects of prescription opioids that are `balanced' agonists, we will conduct our studies 29 in both male and female subjects to determine whether similar sex-related differences are produced by novel 30 opioid `biased' agonists.
The ongoing opioid crisis has led to renewed concerns about clinical practice in prescribing opioids, however there are no suitable alternatives for treating severe or malignant pain. In efforts to reduce the side effect and abuse liability profiles of opioid drugs, several laboratories and pharmaceutical companies have programs devoted to the development of new drugs that are functionally selective, i.e., result in the preferentially coupling of ?-opioid receptors to particular intracellular signaling paths. Although differences between ligands are found in vitro, the extent to which these differences result in different actions on whole animals is not known; thus, the goals of this program are to evaluate whether opioid agonists that preferentially activate G- protein signaling over ?-arrestin signaling produce different acute or chronic effects in whole animals.
