Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) are common and burdensome birth defects with a complex etiology of genetic, behavioral and environmental contributors. CL/P impose significant burden on the health, quality of life and economics of affected individuals individual and families. Several studies have suggested that maternal risk behaviors during pregnancy such as smoking, alcohol use, and obesity play a role in the etiology of CL/P. However, these studies that do not account for unobserved or unmeasured factors that may influence maternal self-selection into risk behaviors but are related to CL/P risks, such as maternal preferences for health and risk tolerance and maternal perceptions of health risks. These factors induce correlations between several maternal risk and health behaviors and are themselves correlated with biologic, environmental and maternal health risk factors. It is virtually impossible to observe all relevant behaviors and risk factors in available data samples. Ignoring these unobserved yet relevant factors may confound the estimates of the effects of maternal risk behaviors on CL/P, including estimates of average effects and interactive effects with genetic risk factors. Accurate estimation of the effects of maternal risk behaviors is needed for developing effective counseling and prevention programs for CL/P. The objective of this study is to estimate the effects of maternal risk behaviors during pregnancy including smoking, alcohol, and obesity on CL/P risks using a genetic instrumental variable (IV) model that accounts for unobserved confounders. The IV model will estimate these effects using variation in the risk behaviors that is predicted by genetic variants (instruments) that are significantly correlated with these risk behaviors but are otherwise unrelated to CL/P through unobserved confounders. Using appropriate instruments, the IV model will provide consistent (asymptotically unbiased) estimates of the """"""""causal"""""""" effects of these risk behaviors on CL/P. The study will include a unique and large international consortium of population-level samples of about 8917 mothers of children with CL/P and mothers of unaffected children. The study will select and genotype genetic variants that are strong candidates for use as instruments for the study maternal risk behaviors, evaluate the utility of these variants as instruments, and estimate the effects of the maternal risk behaviors on CL/P using an IV model with the genetic instruments that fit the IV conditions. The employed IV model will estimate the average effects of these risk behaviors on CL/P as well as their interactive effects with genetic risk factors for CL/P. The study will provide consistent estimates of the """"""""causal"""""""" effects of major maternal risk behaviors on CL/P which are highly needed for developing effective and cost-effective programs for prevention of CL/P and counseling at risk women. Further, the study utilizes a novel analytical approach that can be applied to study the effects of maternal risk behaviors on other birth defects and perinatal outcomes and has the potential for advancing this research field significantly.

Public Health Relevance

This project will help to identify the effects of several maternal risk behaviors during pregnancy including smoking, alcohol and obesity on the risks of cleft lip and/or palate, which are common and burdensome birth defects. Accurate estimates of the effects of these risk behaviors are needed for developing effective interventions and policies to prevent cleft lip and/or palate.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01DE020895-01
Application #
7864440
Study Section
Infectious Diseases, Reproductive Health, Asthma and Pulmonary Conditions Study Section (IRAP)
Program Officer
Harris, Emily L
Project Start
2010-08-01
Project End
2015-07-31
Budget Start
2010-08-01
Budget End
2011-07-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2010
Total Cost
$580,104
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Iowa
Department
Public Health & Prev Medicine
Type
Schools of Public Health
DUNS #
062761671
City
Iowa City
State
IA
Country
United States
Zip Code
52242
Moreno Uribe, L M; Fomina, T; Munger, R G et al. (2017) A Population-Based Study of Effects of Genetic Loci on Orofacial Clefts. J Dent Res 96:1322-1329
Pedersen, Dorthe Almind; Hageman, Ida; Wehby, George L et al. (2017) Use of Psychotropic Medications and Visits to Psychiatrists and Psychologists among Individuals with Nonsyndromic Oral Clefts: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Birth Defects Res 109:824-835
Kutbi, Hebah; Wehby, George L; Moreno Uribe, Lina M et al. (2017) Maternal underweight and obesity and risk of orofacial clefts in a large international consortium of population-based studies. Int J Epidemiol 46:190-199
Wehby, George L; Uribe, Lina M Moreno; Wilcox, Allen J et al. (2017) Interaction between smoking and body mass index and risk of oral clefts. Ann Epidemiol 27:103-107.e2
Leslie, Elizabeth J; Liu, Huan; Carlson, Jenna C et al. (2016) A Genome-wide Association Study of Nonsyndromic Cleft Palate Identifies an Etiologic Missense Variant in GRHL3. Am J Hum Genet 98:744-54
DeRoo, Lisa A; Wilcox, Allen J; Lie, Rolv T et al. (2016) Maternal alcohol binge-drinking in the first trimester and the risk of orofacial clefts in offspring: a large population-based pooling study. Eur J Epidemiol 31:1021-1034
Pedersen, Dorthe Almind; Wehby, George L; Murray, Jeffrey C et al. (2016) Psychiatric Diagnoses in Individuals with Non-Syndromic Oral Clefts: A Danish Population-Based Cohort Study. PLoS One 11:e0156261
Kummet, Colleen M; Moreno, Lina M; Wilcox, Allen J et al. (2016) Passive Smoke Exposure as a Risk Factor for Oral Clefts-A Large International Population-Based Study. Am J Epidemiol 183:834-41
Leslie, Elizabeth J; Carlson, Jenna C; Shaffer, John R et al. (2016) A multi-ethnic genome-wide association study identifies novel loci for non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate on 2p24.2, 17q23 and 19q13. Hum Mol Genet 25:2862-2872
Wehby, George L; Gili, Juan A; Pawluk, Mariela et al. (2015) Disparities in birth weight and gestational age by ethnic ancestry in South American countries. Int J Public Health 60:343-51

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