To survive an infection, the body must endure damage from both the pathogen and the immune response to it, a phenomenon called damage tolerance1,2. However, the concept of damage tolerance is not restricted to infections, and can be applied to other diseases as well. The severity of autoimmune disease, for example, depends not only on the magnitude of immune response, but also on the susceptibility of target tissues to the damage caused by that response. The commensal microbiota are becoming increasingly recognized as a determinant of disease severity; therefore, the question arises as to whether the microbiota can determine how much damage we can tolerate. Our central hypothesis is that the microbiota communicate with pathogens, with the immune system and with cellular tolerance and repair mechanisms by means of soluble secreted small molecules, which orchestrate disease susceptibility and severity. Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a biosensor, we identified indole and several metabolic derivatives as factors secreted by many bacteria, including the commensal microbiota, which may serve this function. We found that brief exposure to indoles activates a signaling pathway in C. elegans that is associated with innate immunity and longevity. Once activated, the animals enter a dauer-like state in which they become resistant to a variety of stressors, a process we term conditioning3. Interestingly, conditioning is evident in mammals as well: exposure to low levels of LPS or even radiation induces a stress response that protects animals from a subsequent exposure to high doses of the stressor that would otherwise prove lethal4. In this proposal, we test the hypothesis that the microbiota acting via indoles, can induce a protective state in organisms as diverse as C. elegans and mammals, using conserved signaling pathways. Conditioning pathways activated by indoles appear to protect the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, and have conserved homologues in Drosophila and mammals. Preliminary data suggest that indoles act via similar pathways to regulate the sensitivity of fly and mammalian intestinal epithelia to damage induced by pathogens, by radiation, or by autoimmune responses (Graft vs. host disease (GvHD)).
In Aim 1, we use mutants and RNAi in C. elegans to determine how conditioning can induce protective responses that ensure epithelial barrier integrity, with the goal of identifying conserved pathways in invertebrate and vertebrate systems.
In Aim 2, we use knockout mice to test the hypothesis that pathways identified in C. elegans mediate the capacity of indoles to induce tolerance to damage in response to pathogens, environmental stressors (e.g. radiation), or deleterious autoimmune responses. These experiments also have practical medical relevance; we are now developing clinical trials to determine whether administration of indoles, first identified in the bacteria-C. elegans model, can limit susceptibility to GvHD.

Public Health Relevance

Using both C. elegans and mammalian models, we will determine how small molecules secreted by commensal bacteria alter susceptibility of intestinal epithelia to damage caused by infection, radiation or immune responses. The long-term goal is to provide mechanistic information that will guide promotion of a more benevolent intestinal immune homeostasis via introduction of exogenous indoles.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
2R01DK074731-04A1
Application #
8964054
Study Section
Innate Immunity and Inflammation Study Section (III)
Program Officer
Karp, Robert W
Project Start
2006-04-01
Project End
2019-05-31
Budget Start
2015-07-08
Budget End
2016-05-31
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
$351,000
Indirect Cost
$126,000
Name
Emory University
Department
Pathology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
066469933
City
Atlanta
State
GA
Country
United States
Zip Code
30322
Swimm, Alyson; Giver, Cynthia R; DeFilipp, Zachariah et al. (2018) Indoles derived from intestinal microbiota act via type I interferon signaling to limit graft-versus-host disease. Blood 132:2506-2519
Sonowal, Robert; Swimm, Alyson; Sahoo, Anusmita et al. (2017) Indoles from commensal bacteria extend healthspan. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114:E7506-E7515
Capaldo, Christopher T; Powell, Domonica N; Kalman, Daniel (2017) Layered defense: how mucus and tight junctions seal the intestinal barrier. J Mol Med (Berl) 95:927-934
Bhatt, Shantanu; Anyanful, Akwasi; Kalman, Daniel (2011) CsrA and TnaB coregulate tryptophanase activity to promote exotoxin-induced killing of Caenorhabditis elegans by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 193:4516-22
Napier, Ruth J; Rafi, Wasiulla; Cheruvu, Mani et al. (2011) Imatinib-sensitive tyrosine kinases regulate mycobacterial pathogenesis and represent therapeutic targets against tuberculosis. Cell Host Microbe 10:475-85
Bhatt, Shantanu; Romeo, Tony; Kalman, Daniel (2011) Honing the message: post-transcriptional and post-translational control in attaching and effacing pathogens. Trends Microbiol 19:217-24
Kalman, Daniel; Ono, Shoichiro (2010) Rickettsia pays the piper; new actors and some bad actin'. Cell Host Microbe 7:335-6
Bhatt, Shantanu; Edwards, Adrianne Nehrling; Nguyen, Hang Thi Thu et al. (2009) The RNA binding protein CsrA is a pleiotropic regulator of the locus of enterocyte effacement pathogenicity island of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 77:3552-68
Bommarius, Bettina; Kalman, Daniel (2009) Antimicrobial and host defense peptides for therapeutic use against multidrug-resistant pathogens: new hope on the horizon. IDrugs 12:376-80
Anyanful, Akwasi; Easley, Kirk A; Benian, Guy M et al. (2009) Conditioning protects C. elegans from lethal effects of enteropathogenic E. coli by activating genes that regulate lifespan and innate immunity. Cell Host Microbe 5:450-62