Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) dramatically ameliorates type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), through poorly understood mechanisms beyond just weight loss. However, due to a paucity of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) the risk-benefit ratio of RYGB compared to non-surgical diabetes care is unknown, especially for patients with less severe obesity. Barriers to appropriate RCTs include challenges in recruiting sufficient numbers of informed patients who are willing to be randomized to surgical or non-surgical approaches, who have a funding source for either intervention, and who are not coerced into an intervention arm, as well as operational issues in longitudinal data gathering and the availability of metrics to delineate mechanisms of T2DM improvement. We propose to address these barriers by pursuing 3 objectives. First, we will determine the feasibility of a novel approach to generating a randomization cohort from among members of an integrated healthcare system that covers RYGB for patients with BMI >35 kg/m2 and is willing to do so among those with BMI 30-35 kg/m2 for this study. We will utilize the databases of this network to identify adults with T2DM and a BMI of 30-40 kg/m2. Sufficient numbers of these patients (4,000-6,000) will be surveyed to identify those without strong preferences regarding medical vs. surgical treatment of diabetes and obesity. This subset will be exposed to a novel, standardized shared-decision-making (SDM) tool that we have developed and validated (the only such instrument in the field), which helps patients explore the risks and benefits of both treatment options, after which their """"""""willingness to randomize"""""""" will be assessed. Second, a cohort of patients who remain in equipoise after the SDM process will be randomized to receive RYGB or a state-of-the-art intensive medical/lifestyle intervention of diet, exercise, and pharmacotherapy for diabetes/obesity that we have helped develop and tested in prior RCTs. The goal of this feasibility RCT will be to demonstrate the utility of our novel cohort generation scheme, to determine the number needed to approach to accomplish appropriate sample sizes, to assess the reliability of passive and active data collection mechanisms, to determine the accuracy of assignment of concurrent healthcare utilization (HCU) measurements, and to determine the resources required for eventual full-scale trial execution and retention. Third, we will assess the usefulness of including a set of novel metrics to elucidate anti-diabetic mechanisms of RYGB in future trials. Among randomized patients, we will test the hypothesis that RYGB alters innate and/or adaptive immunity to improve glucose homeostasis. Chronic inflammation driven by macrophages and T lymphocytes in adipose tissue and islets plays key roles in T2DM pathogenesis, and we hypothesize that RYGB reverses these processes disproportionately to the weight loss it promotes. We will test this hypothesis by quantifying cellular inflammation in adipose-tissue biopsies, systemic inflammation, and anti-islet T-cell reactivity in both randomized groups at baseline, 2 weeks after intervention, and at 7% weight loss, then correlate these findings with changes in glucose homeostasis.

Public Health Relevance

The escalating pandemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are among the most significant contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery causes profound weight loss and dramatically ameliorates T2DM through mechanisms beyond just weight loss, but its role in diabetes management and the nature of its weight-independent anti-diabetes effects are not well established because of a paucity of appropriate randomized trials, the execution of which is hindered by numerous obstacles. We therefore propose to accomplish the following objectives: (1) explore the feasibility of a set of novel methods to create an appropriate randomization cohort of patients with T2DM and a body mass index of 30-40 kg/m2 who are willing to be randomized into either RYGB or an intensive medical/lifestyle intervention; (2) examine the utility of this novel cohort generation scheme in a pilot randomized trial, determining the number needed to approach to accomplish appropriate sample sizes, the reliability of passive vs. active data collection mechanisms, the accuracy of assignment of concurrent healthcare utilization measurements, and the resources required for eventual full-scale trial execution and retention;(3) study in a subset of these randomized patients the potential roles for alterations in innate immunity (i.e., systemic and adipose-tissue inflammation) and adaptive immunity (i.e., islet-reactive T lymphocytes) in the anti-diabetic effects of RYGB, and evaluate the value of related metrics for future clinical trials.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01DK089528-02
Application #
8130737
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZDK1-GRB-N (M2))
Program Officer
Teff, Karen L
Project Start
2010-08-18
Project End
2013-06-30
Budget Start
2011-07-01
Budget End
2012-06-30
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2011
Total Cost
$577,557
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Washington
Department
Internal Medicine/Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
605799469
City
Seattle
State
WA
Country
United States
Zip Code
98195
Banerjee, Souvik; Garrison Jr, Louis P; Flum, David R et al. (2017) Cost and Health Care Utilization Implications of Bariatric Surgery Versus Intensive Lifestyle and Medical Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 25:1499-1508
Kratz, Mario; Hagman, Derek K; Kuzma, Jessica N et al. (2016) Improvements in glycemic control after gastric bypass occur despite persistent adipose tissue inflammation. Obesity (Silver Spring) 24:1438-45
Cummings, David E (2016) Diabetes remission off medications is not a suitable endpoint for comparing bariatric/metabolic surgery with pharmacotherapy. Reply to Halpern B, Cercato C, Mancini MC [letter]. Diabetologia 59:2042-4
Cefalu, William T; Rubino, Francesco; Cummings, David E (2016) Metabolic Surgery for Type 2 Diabetes: Changing the Landscape of Diabetes Care. Diabetes Care 39:857-60
Cummings, David E; Cohen, Ricardo V (2016) Bariatric/Metabolic Surgery to Treat Type 2 Diabetes in Patients With a BMI <35 kg/m2. Diabetes Care 39:924-33
Batterham, Rachel L; Cummings, David E (2016) Mechanisms of Diabetes Improvement Following Bariatric/Metabolic Surgery. Diabetes Care 39:893-901
Cummings, David E; Arterburn, David E; Westbrook, Emily O et al. (2016) Gastric bypass surgery vs intensive lifestyle and medical intervention for type 2 diabetes: the CROSSROADS randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 59:945-53
Neff, Karl J; le Roux, Carel W (2016) Bariatric surgery: traversing the CROSSROADS into mainstream diabetes care. Diabetologia 59:942-4
Cummings, David E (2015) Taste and the regulation of food intake: it's not just about flavor. Am J Clin Nutr 102:717-8
Cummings, David E; Cohen, Ricardo V (2014) Beyond BMI: the need for new guidelines governing the use of bariatric and metabolic surgery. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2:175-81

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