The incidence of nephrolithiasis in the USA rose by more than 60% over the last 3 decades, and there is considerable morbidity associated with kidney stones; therefore, there is a critical need to determine the underlying mechanism(s) involved in stone formation. The overall objective of this application is to develop an in vitro model system to study the two stages of idiopathic nephrolithiasis: 1) the deposition of calcium phosphate (CaP) in the form of Randall's plaque (RP), and 2) the subsequent overgrowth of RP with calcium oxalate (CaOx), forming a composite stone. The central hypothesis of this proposal is that the acidic proteins present in urine and renal tissues may induce a non-classical crystallization process, called the polymer- induced liquid-precursor (PILP) process, and that this process may be responsible for many of the structural features found in stones. The rationale for developing an in vitro model system is that it can be used to sort out and test species isolated from urine and renal tissue to see how they separately, or in combination, influence the 'biomimetic stone' formation. Such a model system can then be used to help identify protocols and/or therapeutic agents for treatment or prevention of the disease.
Specific Aim 1 will determine if a biomimetic RP model system of stage I can be developed. Artificial basement membrane and interstitial tissue will be mineralized by the PILP process to determine if nanostructural features relevant to RP, such as multi- laminated spherules and collagen mineralization, can be duplicated in vitro.
Specific Aim 2 will determine if a biomimetic stone model system of stage II can be developed, where the plaque developed in Aim 1 will serve as a nidus for overgrowth of CaOx.
Specific Aim 3 will determine the influence of urinary conditions on the in vivo overgrowth of CaOx on the biomimetic plaque placed in a rat urinary bladder, and will analyze structural features of the resulting stone for comparison to the biomimetic 'stones' i Aim 2, and to native stones.
In Aims 2 and 3, native plaque from human renal tissues will be tested for comparison. The combination of all three aims will enable the development of mineralogical 'signatures', which can then be deciphered to clearly point to the influence of various species on the formation mechanism of a stone. The proposed research is innovative because it provides an entirely different perspective on the role of macromolecules in stone formation, where it is hypothesized that osteopontin is a key player in a PILP type process. In addition, for the first time, an in vitro model system can be developed that encompasses both Stage I (plaque formation) and Stage II (stone formation) of idiopathic nephrolithiasis. This in turn provides the tools needed to test the influence of various species on the formation of stones, with information provided at multiple stages of the process. The significance of this work is that it will enable the development of biomarkers for evaluation of stone formation mechanism(s); development of treatment protocols and/or therapeutic agents; and a mechanistic understanding which can lead to preventive measures against the occurrence and recurrence of stones.

Public Health Relevance

The proposed research is relevant to public health because it will provide fundamental knowledge related to the formation mechanism(s) of kidney stones, for which it is estimated that 10-15% of the American population will have developed at least one kidney stone during their lifetime, and the incidence has risen by more than 60% over the past 30 years. The project is relevant to NIDDK's mission because it will provide an in vitro model system for investigating the mechanism(s) involved in idiopathic stone formation, which will lead to new methods of prevention and treatment, lowering the cost of health care and improving quality of life for those afflicted with this pathology.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01DK092311-04
Application #
8828674
Study Section
Urologic and Kidney Development and Genitourinary Diseases Study Section (UKGD)
Program Officer
Kirkali, Ziya
Project Start
2012-05-01
Project End
2017-04-30
Budget Start
2015-05-01
Budget End
2017-04-30
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Florida
Department
Engineering (All Types)
Type
Biomed Engr/Col Engr/Engr Sta
DUNS #
969663814
City
Gainesville
State
FL
Country
United States
Zip Code
32611
O'Kell, Allison L; Lovett, Archana C; Canales, Benjamin K et al. (2018) Development of a two-stage model system to investigate the mineralization mechanisms involved in idiopathic stone formation: stage 2 in vivo studies of stone growth on biomimetic Randall's plaque. Urolithiasis :
Lovett, Archana C; Khan, Saeed R; Gower, Laurie B (2018) Development of a two-stage in vitro model system to investigate the mineralization mechanisms involved in idiopathic stone formation: stage 1-biomimetic Randall's plaque using decellularized porcine kidneys. Urolithiasis :
O'Kell, Allison L; Grant, David C; Khan, Saeed R (2017) Pathogenesis of calcium oxalate urinary stone disease: species comparison of humans, dogs, and cats. Urolithiasis 45:329-336
Khan, Saeed R (2017) Histological aspects of the ""fixed-particle"" model of stone formation: animal studies. Urolithiasis 45:75-87
Joshi, Sunil; Wang, Wei; Khan, Saeed R (2017) Transcriptional study of hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in male rats: Inflammatory changes are mainly associated with crystal deposition. PLoS One 12:e0185009
Khan, Saeed R; Pearle, Margaret S; Robertson, William G et al. (2016) Kidney stones. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2:16008
Joshi, Sunil; Clapp, William L; Wang, Wei et al. (2015) Osteogenic changes in kidneys of hyperoxaluric rats. Biochim Biophys Acta 1852:2000-12
Khan, Saeed R (2015) The role of Randall's plaques in urolithiasis. Foreword. Urolithiasis 43 Suppl 1:1-3
Chidambaram, Archana; Rodriguez, Douglas; Khan, Saeed et al. (2015) Biomimetic Randall's plaque as an in vitro model system for studying the role of acidic biopolymers in idiopathic stone formation. Urolithiasis 43 Suppl 1:77-92
Khan, Saeed R; Canales, Benjamin K (2015) Unified theory on the pathogenesis of Randall's plaques and plugs. Urolithiasis 43 Suppl 1:109-23

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