Air pollution and tuberculosis (TB) each contribute significantly to global disease burden as deteriorating air quality from rapid industrial growth and traffic collide with high levels of endemic TB in many parts of the world. Although epidemiological studies have shown associations of increased incidence of TB with cigarette smoking, occupational exposure to silica, or indoor air pollution, no studies to our knowledge have examined the role of urban air pollution exposure in the development of TB and underlying pathobiological mechanisms. The lungs are the primary portal of entry for fine urban particulate matter (PM2.5) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the bacterium that causes TB, and the site of 85% of TB pathology. Studies evaluating PM2.5 effects on pathogen-specific innate and adaptive immune responses, particularly in the human lungs, are lacking. Our preliminary studies in primary human blood cells have shown that PM2.5 from diesel exhaust alters cytokine production and toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated M.tb-specific cell activation pathways with suppression of several NF-kB and IRF-1-mediated target genes required for appropriate antimycobacterial host immune responses. Based on these studies, we hypothesize that exposure to PM2.5 impairs innate and adaptive antimycobacterial immune effector functions of primary human bronchoalveolar cells (BACs).
Specific aims of this proposal are to examine i) PM2.5-induced cellular toxicity and PM2.5 effects on M.tb-specific immunity, ii) the role of PM2.5 in altering phagocytosis and growth control of M.tb by human BACs, and iii) personal in vivo PM2.5 exposure and its relationship to immune effector functions in BAC.
These aims will be addressed as follows: PM2.5 will be collected and healthy M.tb-exposed and unexposed study subjects with and without immunodiagnostic evidence of latent M.tb infection recruited in a megacity known for its high prevalence of TB cases and high air pollution levels. PM2.5 effects will be studied on M.tb-induced pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production and gene expression, and on M.tb phagocytosis and growth control in BACs. Measurements of (1) urinary metabolites for major urban combustion pollutants and biomarkers of oxidative stress and (2) particulate matter load of alveolar macrophages and assessments of (3) time activity and (4) geographical indicators will be used to determine in vivo exposure of the study subjects. These parameters of exposure will be correlated with the antimycobacterial BAC effector functions using biostatistical methods. Thus, this proposal will address a crucial gap in knowledge about the effects of air pollution exposure on human antimicrobial lung immunity. PM2.5-induced alterations of innate and adaptive antimycobacterial immune responses may confer a major risk of loss of immunological control over M.tb infection. Given the wide geographical scales for both air pollution and M.tb infections, new knowledge to be gained from this study will have significant global health implications.

Public Health Relevance

To our knowledge there are no detailed mechanistic studies assessing the effects of urban outdoor air pollution on human immune defenses against communicable respiratory diseases. This project assesses the mechanisms by which air pollution particles may alter human lung immune defenses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium which causes an airborne infectious lung disease called tuberculosis. Given the wide geographical scales for both air pollution and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections, new knowledge to be gained from this project will have significant global health implications.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01ES020382-04
Application #
8686842
Study Section
Infectious Diseases, Reproductive Health, Asthma and Pulmonary Conditions Study Section (IRAP)
Program Officer
Humble, Michael C
Project Start
2012-09-01
Project End
2017-05-31
Budget Start
2014-06-01
Budget End
2015-05-31
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
$602,212
Indirect Cost
$152,129
Name
Rbhs-School of Public Health
Department
Public Health & Prev Medicine
Type
Schools of Public Health
DUNS #
078795880
City
Piscataway
State
NJ
Country
United States
Zip Code
08854
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Kirenga, Bruce J; Meng, Qingyu; van Gemert, Frederik et al. (2015) The State of Ambient Air Quality in Two Ugandan Cities: A Pilot Cross-Sectional Spatial Assessment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12:8075-91
Rivas-Santiago, César E; Sarkar, Srijata; Cantarella 4th, Pasquale et al. (2015) Air pollution particulate matter alters antimycobacterial respiratory epithelium innate immunity. Infect Immun 83:2507-17
Schwander, Stephan; Okello, Clement D; Freers, Juergen et al. (2014) Ambient particulate matter air pollution in Mpererwe District, Kampala, Uganda: a pilot study. J Environ Public Health 2014:763934
Sarkar, Srijata; Zhang, Lin; Subramaniam, Prasad et al. (2014) Variability in bioreactivity linked to changes in size and zeta potential of diesel exhaust particles in human immune cells. PLoS One 9:e97304