Retinopathy is a major complication of diabetes mellitus and a leading cause of blindness in American adults. Hyperglycemia is associated with reduced retinal blood flow in early diabetes, suggesting that dysfunction of arterioles may contribute to retinal damage. Interestingly, noninvasive imaging of retinal blood flow is being regarded as providing a window into the health of the heart. Although diabetes can impair coronary blood flow and promote cardiomyopathy, it is possible that underlying mechanisms, which remain unclear, contributing to coronary and retinal arteriolar dysfunction are different. Also, development of a diabetes animal model relevant to human microcirculation for mechanistic study of vasomotor dysfunction of arterioles from the retina and heart is lacking. To address these clinically important issues, we developed streptozocin-induced type 1 diabetes in the pig, an animal model that we have shown resembles human in retinal vasomotor regulation/dysregulation. Our preliminary data show that within 2 wk of diabetes, endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (NO)-mediated dilation of retinal and coronary arterioles is specifically impaired. Endothelial dysfunction correlates with oxidative stress and enhanced Rho kinase (ROCK) expression, and can be prevented and restored in coronary arterioles but only prevented in retinal arterioles by antioxidants and arginase blockade. It appears that signaling events leading to their vasomotor dysfunction in short-term diabetes are different. Mechanistic differences in vasodilator dysfunction under acute (3 hr) vs. prolonged (2 to 12 wk) hyperglycemia suggest that temporal control of arginase II and SIRT1, two regulatory enzymes for NO bioavailability, may mediate this pathophysiology in retinal arterioles, whereas continuous activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and arginase I contributes to coronary dysfunction. However, the exact role and signaling sequence for specific ROCK isoform activation linking to oxidative stress and arginase have not been defined. Herein, we will test the hypothesis that early diabetes activates endothelial ROCK-dependent JNK-interacting protein-1 (JIP1)/JNK signaling, which enhances downstream NAD(P)H oxidase and p38-dependent proteasome activities in retinal arterioles and xanthine oxidase activity in coronary arterioles. Oxidative stress leads to temporal control of arginase II and SIRT1 with subsequent reduction of NO-mediated dilation in retinal arterioles, whereas prolonged elevation of arginase I sustains coronary dysfunction. We will pursue 3 specific aims: (1) Determine whether enhanced ROCK-dependent phosphorylation of JIP1 contributes to diabetes-induced dysfunction of retinal and coronary arterioles by increasing oxidative stress. (2) Determine whether enhanced JNK-dependent oxidase signaling contributes to diabetes-induced dysfunction of retinal and coronary arterioles. (3) Determine whether enhanced arginase activity and p38-induced activation of proteasomes contribute to temporal control of diabetes-induced dysfunction of retinal and coronary arterioles. Outcomes will identify novel targets involved in retinal and coronary arteriolar dysfunction during early diabetes.

Public Health Relevance

Alteration in nutritional blood flow to the retina in the eye and to the heart during diabetes is regarded as one of the key events leading to visual impairment and heart failure, respectively. Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that high blood sugar levels damage the small blood vessels, the arterioles, in the retina and heart leading to insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients for proper organ function. Because little is known regarding how these vessels are altered during diabetes, the goal of this proposal is to gain a better understanding into the molecular mechanisms leading to their functional damage in the retina and heart during the early onset of diabetes, which will be helpful in development of new therapies for diabetic retinopathy and cardiomyopathy.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Eye Institute (NEI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01EY023335-03
Application #
9020236
Study Section
Hypertension and Microcirculation Study Section (HM)
Program Officer
Shen, Grace L
Project Start
2014-03-01
Project End
2017-02-28
Budget Start
2016-03-01
Budget End
2017-02-28
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2016
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Texas A&M University
Department
Surgery
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
835607441
City
College Station
State
TX
Country
United States
Zip Code
77845
Chen, Yen-Lin; Ren, Yi; Xu, Wenjuan et al. (2018) Constriction of Retinal Venules to Endothelin-1: Obligatory Roles of ETA Receptors, Extracellular Calcium Entry, and Rho Kinase. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 59:5167-5175
Hein, Travis W; Xu, Wenjuan; Xu, Xin et al. (2016) Acute and Chronic Hyperglycemia Elicit JIP1/JNK-Mediated Endothelial Vasodilator Dysfunction of Retinal Arterioles. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 57:4333-40
Hein, Travis W; Rosa Jr, Robert H; Ren, Yi et al. (2015) VEGF Receptor-2-Linked PI3K/Calpain/SIRT1 Activation Mediates Retinal Arteriolar Dilations to VEGF and Shear Stress. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 56:5381-9
Thengchaisri, Naris; Hein, Travis W; Ren, Yi et al. (2015) Endothelin-1 impairs coronary arteriolar dilation: Role of p38 kinase-mediated superoxide production from NADPH oxidase. J Mol Cell Cardiol 86:75-84