In many parts of the nervous system, interneurons, which mediate local interactions within a circuit, are more diverse than projection neurons, which transmit information between subsequent circuits in a pathway. Due in part to this diversity, the functions of many interneurons are unknown and general operating principles of interneuron circuits remain to be identified. The diversity of interneurons may be greatest in the retina, where approximately 40 distinct types of amacrine cells (ACs) form specific patterns of connections with bipolar cells, which transmit photoreceptor signals from the outer to the inner retina, and retinal ganglion cells, which transmit retinal information to the brain. Most AC types release GABA or glycine, and many release excitatory neurotransmitters or neuromodulators as well (i.e. dual transmitter neurons), further enhancing the diversity of their signals. Here, we will analyze the contributions of specific AC types to motion processing in the retina and to characteristic behaviors elicited by different forms of visual motion. In doing so, we will test a set of general principles (i.e. functional modularity), which we hypothesize govern the operation of AC circuits. We recently identified VGluT3-expressing ACs (VG3-ACs) as local motion detectors in the retina, and showed that VG3-ACs provide excitatory input to object motion sensitive ganglion cells. The selectivity of this circuit relies on fast inhibitory inputs that cancel responses to global motion stimuli. Which AC type(s) provide this input is currently unknown. Preliminary results show that two genetically identified wide-field AC types form inhibitory connections with object motion sensitive ganglion cells.
In Aim 1, we will test whether either or both AC types inhibit additional tiers of the excitatory axis of this circuit (i.e. bipolar cells, VG3-ACs). We will then use mice in which these ACs are transiently or stably silenced, or are removed from mature retinas, to probe the functional contribution of their input to motion processing in the object motion sensitive circuit. In addition, we will assess their influence on orienting responses of mice to local motion stimuli. Optogenetic experiments suggest that VG3-ACs provide excitatory input to additional ganglion cell types, with distinct motion preferences. Whether this input occurs during vision, and how VG3-ACs contribute to motion processing in these circuits and influence characteristic behaviors elicited by different forms of visual motion is unclear.
In Aim 2, we will test the functional significance and anatomical basis of excitatory input from VG3-ACs to different motion sensitive ganglion cells and assess changes in behavioral responses to visual motion in mice in which VG3-ACs are transiently or stably silenced, or are removed from mature retinas. Intriguingly, preliminary results indicate that VG3-ACs provide selective inhibitory input to a ganglion cell that is suppressed by motion. We will analyze the patterns and function of these connections and test the contribution of this target-specific use of dual transmitters to suppressive responses of these ganglion cells.

Public Health Relevance

This proposal aims to decipher synaptic interactions in motion processing circuits of the retina, and to link these interactions to characteristic behaviors elicited by different forms of visual motion. Insights into the organization and function of circuits in the healthy retina will facilitate identification of early disorganization and dysfunction in common diseases of the retina (e.g. diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa). In addition, knowledge of the structure of motion signals in the retinal output and their relationship to specific visually guided behaviors will establish benchmarks for comparisons of competing strategies for vision restoration.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Eye Institute (NEI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01EY026978-01
Application #
9159437
Study Section
Neurotransporters, Receptors, and Calcium Signaling Study Section (NTRC)
Program Officer
Greenwell, Thomas
Project Start
2016-09-01
Project End
2020-07-31
Budget Start
2016-09-01
Budget End
2017-07-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2016
Total Cost
$343,125
Indirect Cost
$118,125
Name
Washington University
Department
Ophthalmology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
068552207
City
Saint Louis
State
MO
Country
United States
Zip Code
63130
Johnson, Keith P; Zhao, Lei; Kerschensteiner, Daniel (2018) A Pixel-Encoder Retinal Ganglion Cell with Spatially Offset Excitatory and Inhibitory Receptive Fields. Cell Rep 22:1462-1472
Soto, Florentina; Zhao, Lei; Kerschensteiner, Daniel (2018) Synapse maintenance and restoration in the retina by NGL2. Elife 7:
Tien, Nai-Wen; Kerschensteiner, Daniel (2018) Homeostatic plasticity in neural development. Neural Dev 13:9
Tien, Nai-Wen; Soto, Florentina; Kerschensteiner, Daniel (2017) Homeostatic Plasticity Shapes Cell-Type-Specific Wiring in the Retina. Neuron 94:656-665.e4
Hsiang, Jen-Chun; Johnson, Keith P; Madisen, Linda et al. (2017) Local processing in neurites of VGluT3-expressing amacrine cells differentially organizes visual information. Elife 6:
Kerschensteiner, Daniel; Guido, William (2017) Organization of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the mouse. Vis Neurosci 34:E008
Kim, Tahnbee; Kerschensteiner, Daniel (2017) Inhibitory Control of Feature Selectivity in an Object Motion Sensitive Circuit of the Retina. Cell Rep 19:1343-1350
Johnson, Robert E; Tien, Nai-Wen; Shen, Ning et al. (2017) Homeostatic plasticity shapes the visual system's first synapse. Nat Commun 8:1220
Tien, Nai-Wen; Kim, Tahnbee; Kerschensteiner, Daniel (2016) Target-Specific Glycinergic Transmission from VGluT3-Expressing Amacrine Cells Shapes Suppressive Contrast Responses in the Retina. Cell Rep 15:1369-1375