Organ transplant therapy is increasingly used for the clinical treatment of diseased organs. Expanded use of this treatment will come only when mechanisms for the long term storage of donor organs are found. Cryopreservation is an obvious answer yet, to date, freezing of whole organs has been largely unsuccessful; the technology that permits cryopreservation of isolated cells fails when faced with the complexities of the whole organ. The problems and solutions to organ cryopreservation can be attacked directly through studies of vertebrate model animals that show natural abilities to endure extended bouts of freezing; our model animals, wood frogs Rana sylvatica and painted turtle hatchlings Chrysemys picta, readily survive days or weeks of freezing during natural hibernation with up to 65 % of their total body water as extracellular ice. NIH-funded studies in my lab have, to date, analyzed critical areas of natural freeze tolerance including an organ-specific analysis of the stresses of freezing, the actions of cryoprotectants, and metabolic responses to the frozen state. Of key importance, we have demonstrated that freezing survival entails not only measures for the physical protection of cells (e.g. cryoprotectant synthesis, ice nucleating proteins) but also numerous pro-active metabolic responses that are initiated to prepare cells and organs to endure the ischemia and cell volume changes that result from the freezing of extracellular fluids. Proposed studies will provide a comprehensive analysis of the pro-active metabolic responses to freezing by organs of freeze tolerant frogs and turtles including changes in protein biosynthesis, the expression of stress-related proteins, the roles of adrenoceptors and of protein kinases A and C in mediating cellular responses, the role of cell volume changes in stimulating the expression of the metabolic responses involved in freezing survival, the involvement of anti-oxidant systems in freezing protection, the effects of cold and freezing on mitochondrial metabolism, and the characterization of vertebrate ice nucleating proteins. Parallel studies will provide a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the metabolic responses to freezing by mammalian cells (hepatocytes) that will allow us to identify those responses that are positive and adaptive for freezing survival versus those that are maladaptive. From this information, we will then design and implement intervention strategies for mammalian cells and organs that will allow us to manipulate the metabolism of mammalian cells to improve their viability during long term freezing storage.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
2R01GM043796-04
Application #
3302858
Study Section
Surgery, Anesthesiology and Trauma Study Section (SAT)
Project Start
1990-05-01
Project End
1996-04-30
Budget Start
1993-05-01
Budget End
1994-04-30
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
1993
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Carleton University
Department
Type
DUNS #
207878984
City
Ottawa
State
ON
Country
Canada
Zip Code
K1S5B-6
Hemmings, S J; Storey, K B (2001) Characterization of sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from skeletal muscle of the freeze tolerant wood frog, Rana sylvatica: the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor and calcium transport systems in control, frozen and thawed states. Cell Biochem Funct 19:143-52
Holden, C P; Storey, K B (2000) Purification and characterization of protein kinase A from liver of the freeze-tolerant wood frog: role in glycogenolysis during freezing. Cryobiology 40:323-31
Hermes-Lima, M; Storey, K B (1998) Role of antioxidant defenses in the tolerance of severe dehydration by anurans. The case of the leopard frog Rana pipiens. Mol Cell Biochem 189:79-89
Holden, C P; Storey, K B (1997) Second messenger and cAMP-dependent protein kinase responses to dehydration and anoxia stresses in frogs. J Comp Physiol B 167:305-12
Cai, Q; Storey, K B (1997) Upregulation of a novel gene by freezing exposure in the freeze-tolerant wood frog (Rana sylvatica). Gene 198:305-12
Willmore, W G; Storey, K B (1997) Antioxidant systems and anoxia tolerance in a freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta elegans. Mol Cell Biochem 170:177-85
Cai, Q; Greenway, S C; Storey, K B (1997) Differential regulation of the mitochondrial ADP/ATP translocase gene in wood frogs under freezing stress. Biochim Biophys Acta 1353:69-78
Cai, Q; Storey, K B (1997) A novel RNA species from the turtle mitochondrial genome: induction and regulation of transcription and processing under anoxic and freezing stresses. Genome 40:534-43
Mehrani, H; Storey, K B (1997) Protein kinase C from bat brain: the enzyme from a hibernating mammal. Neurochem Int 31:139-50
Cai, Q; Storey, K B (1997) Freezing-induced genes in wood frog (Rana sylvatica): fibrinogen upregulation by freezing and dehydration. Am J Physiol 272:R1480-92

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