Disentangling the effects of selection and random genetic drift on natural genetic variation represents a central challenge in evolutionary biology. Many theoretical and empirical studies have focused on mutations that are 'slightly deleterious'with respect to fitness. The dynamics of these mutations are influenced by weak natural selection against them. However, particularly in small populations, the stochastic process of drift may allow these mildly harmful mutations to persist and eventually become fixed. Recent surveys of natural bacterial populations reveal that deleterious mutations are more prevalent than previously suspected;yet the interplay of forces governing the dynamics of these mutations remains largely unexplored. Since bacteria comprise a substantial fraction of Earth's biodiversity, this signals an enormous gap in our understanding of the processes that shape natural genetic variation. OBJECTIVES: The proposed project will clarify the evolutionary forces that influence the dynamics of deleterious mutations in bacteria, and will explore the consequences of these changes at the levels of populations, proteins, and whole genomes. We will test a key hypothesis from population genetic theory: a reduction in population size accelerates the accumulation of mildly harmful changes. We test this prediction in the context of different bacterial lifestyles.
Specific Aims i nclude (1) contrasting forces that shape protein evolution in host-dependent bacteria versus their free-living relatives, (2) examining how deleterious mutations shape host-microbe associations, including population-level variation and alterations in gene content, and (3) testing whether sequence-based inferences of deleterious substitutions correspond to reduced protein activities in lab-based assays. These investigations will distinguish the balance between selection and genetic drift in bacteria, with a particular focus on the influence of population size on the dynamics of deleterious changes. SIGNIFICANCE: Results of this project will elucidate modes of evolution among host-associated bacteria, including both pathogens and mutualists that live exclusively within eukaryotic host cells. The proposed studies of their molecular diversity and evolutionary dynamics will clarify the ability of these species to adapt to current hosts and to originate new host associations. By deciphering fundamental mechanisms that influence bacterial genome evolution, this study will contribute to a predictive framework for understanding how microbes evolve.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01GM062626-08
Application #
7681272
Study Section
Genetic Variation and Evolution Study Section (GVE)
Program Officer
Eckstrand, Irene A
Project Start
2001-08-01
Project End
2010-08-31
Budget Start
2009-09-01
Budget End
2010-08-31
Support Year
8
Fiscal Year
2009
Total Cost
$388,833
Indirect Cost
Name
Marine Biological Laboratory
Department
Type
DUNS #
001933779
City
Woods Hole
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
02543
Brown, Bryan P; Wernegreen, Jennifer J (2016) Deep divergence and rapid evolutionary rates in gut-associated Acetobacteraceae of ants. BMC Microbiol 16:140
Wernegreen, Jennifer J (2015) Endosymbiont evolution: predictions from theory and surprises from genomes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1360:16-35
Williams, Laura E; Wernegreen, Jennifer J (2013) Sequence context of indel mutations and their effect on protein evolution in a bacterial endosymbiont. Genome Biol Evol 5:599-605
Wernegreen, Jennifer J (2013) First impressions in a glowing host-microbe partnership. Cell Host Microbe 14:121-3
Fan, Yongliang; Thompson, J Will; Dubois, Laura G et al. (2013) Proteomic analysis of an unculturable bacterial endosymbiont (Blochmannia) reveals high abundance of chaperonins and biosynthetic enzymes. J Proteome Res 12:704-18
Fan, Yongliang; Wernegreen, Jennifer J (2013) Can't take the heat: high temperature depletes bacterial endosymbionts of ants. Microb Ecol 66:727-33
Wernegreen, Jennifer J (2012) Strategies of genomic integration within insect-bacterial mutualisms. Biol Bull 223:112-22
Wernegreen, Jennifer J (2012) Mutualism meltdown in insects: bacteria constrain thermal adaptation. Curr Opin Microbiol 15:255-62
Williams, Laura E; Wernegreen, Jennifer J (2012) Purifying selection, sequence composition, and context-specific indel mutations shape intraspecific variation in a bacterial endosymbiont. Genome Biol Evol 4:44-51
Wernegreen, Jennifer J (2011) Reduced selective constraint in endosymbionts: elevation in radical amino acid replacements occurs genome-wide. PLoS One 6:e28905

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