In both plants and animals, a large number of unique cell types must be specified during development. It has become increasingly clear that as cells differentiate, not only must genes be transcriptionally activated, but the transcription of others must be repressed. In animals, mutations in genes that regulate transcriptional repression can lead to many types of cancer or result in embryonic lethality. Therefore it is important to identify and understand the mechanisms by which these proteins act. We have identified two proteins in Arabidopsis, TOPLESS (TPL) and HISTONE DEACETYLASE 19 (HDA19), that work in concert to repress transcription during embryogenesis and flower development. TPL encodes a transcriptional corepressor that forms a complex with HDA19 to maintain cell fates during development. Unlike in animal systems where mutations in similar proteins are embryonic lethal, mutations in both TPL and HDA19 are completely viable in Arabidopsis, allowing us to study their roles at multiple developmental stages.
In AIM1, we will perform chromatin immunoprecipitations followed by massively parallel sequencing (ChIP seq) to identify the common direct targets of TPL and HDA19 during embryogenesis. We will then employ mis-expression and loss-of-function analysis to determine the function of these downstream targets.
In AIM2, we will perform ChIP seq on TPL and HDA19 during floral development to elucidate their downstream targets at a second stage of development. We will then analyze the extent of histone acetylation on a subset of target promoters over time, as well as perform expression, mis-expression and loss-of-function studies.
In AIM3 we will perform genetic screens on hda19 mutants to identify other proteins in the TPL/HDA19 pathway. These experiments will allow us to explore one of the mechanisms that plants use to specify and maintain cell types during development. It will allow us to compare the proteins and logic used in plants to those used in similar processes in animal development, leading to a better understanding of both.

Public Health Relevance

Understanding how different cell types are specified in an organism is fundamental to public health as this process is critical for development, and disruption of it leads to various diseases in humans. This proposal aims to explore one aspect of this process, transcriptional repression, which has been linked to several human pathologies such as cancer. The findings from this study will aid in our understanding of the mechanisms that govern this important process.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01GM072764-07
Application #
8010184
Study Section
Molecular Genetics B Study Section (MGB)
Program Officer
Haynes, Susan R
Project Start
2004-09-27
Project End
2013-11-30
Budget Start
2010-12-01
Budget End
2011-11-30
Support Year
7
Fiscal Year
2011
Total Cost
$414,909
Indirect Cost
Name
Salk Institute for Biological Studies
Department
Type
DUNS #
078731668
City
La Jolla
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
92037
Groth, Martin; Moissiard, Guillaume; Wirtz, Markus et al. (2016) MTHFD1 controls DNA methylation in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 7:11640
Crawford, Brian C W; Sewell, Jared; Golembeski, Greg et al. (2015) Plant development. Genetic control of distal stem cell fate within root and embryonic meristems. Science 347:655-9
Krogan, Naden T; Hogan, Kendra; Long, Jeff A (2012) APETALA2 negatively regulates multiple floral organ identity genes in Arabidopsis by recruiting the co-repressor TOPLESS and the histone deacetylase HDA19. Development 139:4180-90
Smith, Zachery R; Long, Jeff A (2010) Control of Arabidopsis apical-basal embryo polarity by antagonistic transcription factors. Nature 464:423-6
Gallavotti, Andrea; Long, Jeff A; Stanfield, Sharon et al. (2010) The control of axillary meristem fate in the maize ramosa pathway. Development 137:2849-56
Pauwels, Laurens; Barbero, Gemma Fernandez; Geerinck, Jan et al. (2010) NINJA connects the co-repressor TOPLESS to jasmonate signalling. Nature 464:788-91
Wollmann, Heike; Mica, Erica; Todesco, Marco et al. (2010) On reconciling the interactions between APETALA2, miR172 and AGAMOUS with the ABC model of flower development. Development 137:3633-42
Krogan, Naden T; Long, Jeff A (2009) Why so repressed? Turning off transcription during plant growth and development. Curr Opin Plant Biol 12:628-36
Szemenyei, Heidi; Hannon, Mike; Long, Jeff A (2008) TOPLESS mediates auxin-dependent transcriptional repression during Arabidopsis embryogenesis. Science 319:1384-6
Long, Jeff A; Ohno, Carolyn; Smith, Zachery R et al. (2006) TOPLESS regulates apical embryonic fate in Arabidopsis. Science 312:1520-3