Regulation of translation rate is of crucial importance for such downstream co-translational pro- cesses as protein folding and modification, ligand binding, oligomerization, and interactions with chaperones and membranes. Although specific elements that modulate translation rate are well known, at present there is virtually a complete lack of results describing how such elements quantitatively affect translation rate. Our overall goal is to address this lack by quantifying the modulation of the rate of translation by E. coli ribosomes of specific mRNA and nascent peptide sequences, and to elucidate the mechanisms of such modulation. We use an approach coupling Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM) with single molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET). Fluorescent reporter and smFRET pairs are introduced specifically into both aminoacyl tRNAs and ribosomal proteins L1 and L11, which are proximal to the tRNA E-site and A-site, respectively. The availability of these fluorescent-labeled compo- nents of the protein synthesis machinery permits observation on single ribosomes and in real time of FRET interactions monitoring aminoacyl-tRNA binding to the ribosomal A-site, interme- diate motions of tRNAs in adjacent sites, translocation of the tRNAs to the P- and E-sites, and release of discharged tRNA from the E-site. Single molecule assays have been developed both for short model mRNAs that emphasize pairing with fluorescent tRNAs and for mRNAs coding full-length proteins with the natural complement of all amino acids. Full expression of a rapidly maturing variant of green fluorescent protein, Emerald GFP (EmGFP), is signaled by fluores- cence of single EmGFP molecules in the TIRF microscope. Together, these approaches allow both discrimination of individual steps within the elongation cycle and continuous kinetic profiles of mRNA translation, providing unique insights into the regulation of translation rates in prokary- otic protein synthesis not accessible from other techniques. Our results will allow us to quantify the effects of modulatory elements and to determine if new elements and synergistic or antago- nistic effects are operative. Crucial for the correct interpretation of our results is the performance of control experiments demonstrating that the rate effects we measure result from introduction of the intended modulating element, rather than from involvement of one or more other ele- ments. We have 3 Specific Aims that focus on determining how the rhythm of protein synthesis is modulated by: 1. Codon usage and codon pair usage;2. Pause-inducing nascent peptides bound within the peptidyl transferase center of the ribosomes and the peptide exit tunnel;and 3. Pausing elements present in combination. Overall, our program of studying several pause ele- ments at the full protein expression level and within individual elongation cycles will define the magnitudes and detailed mechanisms of translation regulation.

Public Health Relevance

Ribosome catalyzed protein synthesis is a core function of all living cells, but how it proceeds differs in detail between bacterial cells and eukaryotic, including mammalian, cells. These differ- ences are exploited in frequently utilized antibiotics, such as neomycin and erythromycin, which specifically target the bacterial ribosome and combat bacterial infections. However, widespread resistance to ribosomal antibiotics has limited their use. We are proposing sophisticated bio- chemical and biophysical studies to determine the precise functioning of bacterial ribosomes and how the rate and amount of expression is controlled by native and pathogen genomes. The knowledge gained from our experiments should both advance our basic understanding of how cells function and facilitate the development of new antibiotics for human use. Mechanisms re- vealed in the bacterial ribosome may either apply directly to eukaryotic protein synthesis or else help to inform further studies of the protein synthesis machinery of higher organisms. Specific mechanisms that are required for replication of viruses, such as programmed frameshifting, may someday be targets of therapy against cancer or AIDS.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
2R01GM080376-05A1
Application #
8504025
Study Section
Molecular Genetics A Study Section (MGA)
Program Officer
Lewis, Catherine D
Project Start
2008-08-01
Project End
2017-05-31
Budget Start
2013-08-01
Budget End
2014-05-31
Support Year
5
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
$310,869
Indirect Cost
$108,969
Name
University of Pennsylvania
Department
Chemistry
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
042250712
City
Philadelphia
State
PA
Country
United States
Zip Code
19104
Lewis, John H; Jamiolkowski, Ryan M; Woody, Michael S et al. (2017) Deconvolution of Camera Instrument Response Functions. Biophys J 112:1214-1220
Liu, Wei; Shin, Dongwon; Ng, Martin et al. (2017) Stringent Nucleotide Recognition by the Ribosome at the Middle Codon Position. Molecules 22:
Jamiolkowski, Ryan M; Chen, Chunlai; Cooperman, Barry S et al. (2017) tRNA Fluctuations Observed on Stalled Ribosomes Are Suppressed during Ongoing Protein Synthesis. Biophys J 113:2326-2335
Henley, Robert Y; Ashcroft, Brian Alan; Farrell, Ian et al. (2016) Electrophoretic Deformation of Individual Transfer RNA Molecules Reveals Their Identity. Nano Lett 16:138-44
Woody, Michael S; Lewis, John H; Greenberg, Michael J et al. (2016) MEMLET: An Easy-to-Use Tool for Data Fitting and Model Comparison Using Maximum-Likelihood Estimation. Biophys J 111:273-282
Glassford, Ian; Teijaro, Christiana N; Daher, Samer S et al. (2016) Ribosome-Templated Azide-Alkyne Cycloadditions: Synthesis of Potent Macrolide Antibiotics by In Situ Click Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 138:3136-44
Chen, Chunlai; Cui, Xiaonan; Beausang, John F et al. (2016) Elongation factor G initiates translocation through a power stroke. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:7515-20
Zhang, Haibo; Ng, Martin Y; Chen, Yuanwei et al. (2016) Kinetics of initiating polypeptide elongation in an IRES-dependent system. Elife 5:
Ruehle, Marisa D; Zhang, Haibo; Sheridan, Ryan M et al. (2015) A dynamic RNA loop in an IRES affects multiple steps of elongation factor-mediated translation initiation. Elife 4:
Liu, Wei; Chen, Chunlai; Kavaliauskas, Darius et al. (2015) EF-Tu dynamics during pre-translocation complex formation: EF-Tu·GDP exits the ribosome via two different pathways. Nucleic Acids Res 43:9519-28

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