Many diverse diseases arise from an excess of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER stress). ER stress induces the unfolded protein response (UPR), in which numerous protective genes are activated. It is critical to understand how the UPR defends against ER stress, and how UPR signaling affects other cellular processes. While three canonical UPR transcription factors have been identified, we have determined in C. elegans that the transcription factor SKN-1 (mammalian Nrf1/2/3) is also central to the UPR. SKN-1 has a conserved function in oxidative stress defense, and is important in longevity. We have shown that SKN-1 is regulated by the UPR, and is needed for ER stress to activate core UPR regulators, as well as downstream effector genes. Surprisingly, UPR signaling is required for SKN-1 to respond to oxidative stress, which suggests that ER signaling may broadly influence cellular stress defenses, and may regulate SKN-1 in the insulin-IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) and TOR (target of rapamycin) pathways. Using the powerful C. elegans model, this project will investigate: (1) how and in what tissues SKN-1 defends against ER stress, and how IIS and TOR might affect ER stress resistance through SKN-1, (2) how SKN-1 is regulated by the UPR during ER stress, oxidative stress, and in the context of the IIS and TOR pathways, and (3) what genes and biological processes are controlled directly by SKN-1 during the UPR. Transgenic, genetic, molecular, cell biological, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) approaches will be used to investigate how SKN-1 functions are regulated by the UPR and contribute to ER stress resistance in vivo. A proven RNAi screening strategy will identify new regulators of SKN-1 during ER stress, and high-throughput sequencing combined with expression profiling and ChIP will be employed to identify genes and processes regulated directly by SKN-1. These studies will provide important and novel insights into how the ER defends itself against stress, and will substantially alter paradigms for understanding ER-based signaling and how it influences other cellular defense mechanisms.

Public Health Relevance

Many proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). High levels of misfolded ER proteins (ER stress) cause or exacerbate disease states as diverse as diabetes, hepatitis, and neurodegeneration. This project will use a model organism (C. elegans) to determine how a regulator of diverse cellular defenses protects against ER stress, and how signaling from the ER controls this and other functions of this regulator.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01GM094398-03
Application #
8726427
Study Section
Cellular Signaling and Regulatory Systems Study Section (CSRS)
Program Officer
Deatherage, James F
Project Start
2012-09-30
Project End
2016-08-31
Budget Start
2014-09-01
Budget End
2015-08-31
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Joslin Diabetes Center
Department
Type
DUNS #
City
Boston
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
02215
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Ewald, Collin Yvès; Hourihan, John M; Blackwell, T Keith (2017) Oxidative Stress Assays (arsenite and tBHP) in Caenorhabditis elegans. Bio Protoc 7:
Hourihan, John M; Moronetti Mazzeo, Lorenza E; Fernández-Cárdenas, L Paulette et al. (2016) Cysteine Sulfenylation Directs IRE-1 to Activate the SKN-1/Nrf2 Antioxidant Response. Mol Cell 63:553-566
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