The broad objective of the proposed research is to achieve comprehensive dissection of the genetic basis of many complex phenotypes in the yeast S. cerevisiae, arguably the most powerful eukaryotic model system due to its small genome, ease of genetic manipulation, and the ability to generate very large sample sizes. Evolutionary conservation has also ensured that many yeast traits have direct parallels to biomedically important human phenotypes. We seek comprehensively identify the DNA sequence variants underlying a variety of traits, study the distribution of their effect sizes and their frequencies in a population, and build rules for predicting the functional effects of variants of unknown significance. Success in answering these questions will provide critical guidance for the design of genotype-phenotype studies in humans and other organisms of medical, biological, and agricultural interest, and enable improved diagnostic accuracy based on genome sequencing of patients. Specifically, will use a resource we built that consists of nearly 15,000 genotyped and phenotyped segregants from crosses between 16 diverse yeast strains to identify causal genes and prioritize individual putative causal genetic variants. We will then identify specific causal variants by directly engineering thousands of candidate variants in bulk. We will use methods we have developed for massively parallel targeted editing by CRISPR/Cas9 to engineer pools of yeast cells, each carrying one of 2000 natural variants. We will subject the edited pools of yeast cells to selective conditions and track the phenotypic consequences of the introduced variants over time by short read sequencing of DNA barcodes identifying each edit. We will then extend massively parallel targeted editing to generate all variants discovered in the panel of 16 diverse yeast strains. We will assay the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), small scale insertions or deletions (indels), and haplotype effects of closely linked variants. We will include non-coding variants to better understand their effects on fitness. We will extend our engineering toolkit to employ versions of Cas9 and related enzymes that have different recognition sites, and by using Cas9-based ?base editors? that allow generation of specific classes of mutations. Ultimately, we will edit and measure the phenotypic consequences of hundreds of thousands of natural genetic variants, which will provide a deep understanding of the genetic basis of many traits and enable us to develop accurate algorithms that predict the functional effect of any genetic variant.
Relevance to public health: Genetic factors underlie susceptibility to virtually every human disease, and identifying these factors is a crucial step in improving diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Identification is difficult because the genetic basis of common disorders is complex, with disease susceptibility influenced by multiple genes. The proposed research will provide critical guidance for studies of the genetic basis of common human diseases, as well as improve the ability to predict the effects on health of DNA sequence variants of previously unclear significance, leading to better diagnostic precision.
| Sadhu, Meru J; Bloom, Joshua S; Day, Laura et al. (2018) Highly parallel genome variant engineering with CRISPR-Cas9. Nat Genet 50:510-514 |
| Albert, Frank Wolfgang; Bloom, Joshua S; Siegel, Jake et al. (2018) Genetics of trans-regulatory variation in gene expression. Elife 7: |
| Jerison, Elizabeth R; Kryazhimskiy, Sergey; Mitchell, James Kameron et al. (2017) Genetic variation in adaptability and pleiotropy in budding yeast. Elife 6: |
| Ehrenreich, Ian M (2017) Epistasis: Searching for Interacting Genetic Variants Using Crosses. Genetics 206:531-535 |
| Forsberg, Simon K G; Bloom, Joshua S; Sadhu, Meru J et al. (2017) Accounting for genetic interactions improves modeling of individual quantitative trait phenotypes in yeast. Nat Genet 49:497-503 |
| Sadhu, Meru J; Bloom, Joshua S; Day, Laura et al. (2016) CRISPR-directed mitotic recombination enables genetic mapping without crosses. Science 352:1113-6 |
| Bloom, Joshua S; Kotenko, Iulia; Sadhu, Meru J et al. (2015) Genetic interactions contribute less than additive effects to quantitative trait variation in yeast. Nat Commun 6:8712 |
| Treusch, Sebastian; Albert, Frank W; Bloom, Joshua S et al. (2015) Genetic mapping of MAPK-mediated complex traits Across S. cerevisiae. PLoS Genet 11:e1004913 |
| Albert, Frank W; Muzzey, Dale; Weissman, Jonathan S et al. (2014) Genetic influences on translation in yeast. PLoS Genet 10:e1004692 |
| Wang, Xin; Kruglyak, Leonid (2014) Genetic basis of haloperidol resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is complex and dose dependent. PLoS Genet 10:e1004894 |
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