In the nuclei of eukaryotic cells, transcription factors and DNA repair/modifying enzymes locate particular sequences or structural signatures among billions of DNA base pairs and in the presence of many other proteins bound to DNA. The long-term goal for the research team of this project is to understand what dictates the efficiency in th processes whereby the proteins locate their target sites on DNA in order to apply this knowledge to the development of therapeutics for human diseases and disorders. The overall objective in the current project is to elucidate DNA-scanning mechanisms for zinc-finger proteins at both the molecular and atomic levels. Affinity-based engineering of Cys2-His2-type zinc fingers that exhibit desired DNA-binding specificity has gained popularity for artificial gene control/manipulation. In fact, human gene therapy based on the zinc-finger nuclease technology is in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials. However, there are an increasing number of reports that suggest kinetic defects in artificial zinc-finger proteins despite their high affinities for the taget DNA sites. This represents a bottleneck for successful therapeutic applications of artificial zinc-finger proteins. Preliminary studies by the research team suggest that this problem could be resolved via protein engineering based on knowledge of the DNA-scanning mechanisms. Recently the research team found that the Egr-1 zinc-finger protein undergoes two conformationally distinct states termed the search and recognition modes while the protein molecule scans DNA. In the current project, the research team will conduct research to test the central hypothesis that the balance between the search and recognition modes is a major determinant of the kinetic efficiency in target DNA search by zinc-finger proteins. The following three specific aims will be pursued in this project: 1) to delineate how zinc-finger proteins scan DNA;2) to understand how zinc-finger proteins bypass obstacles on DNA;and 3) to understand how zinc-finger proteins displace other proteins from the target sites. For these specific aims, the research team will use biophysical and biochemical approaches along with mutagenesis to shift the equilibrium between the search and recognition modes. NMR spectroscopy will be used to investigate the dynamics of DNA scanning at an atomic level. Fluorescence and biochemical methods will be used to characterize the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the zinc-finger proteins in the target DNA search process at a molecular level. The current project will substantially deepen our understanding of DNA scanning by proteins. This project will also enable improvement of kinetic properties of zinc-finger proteins, and thereby boost their applications to human therapeutics and other biomedical applications.

Public Health Relevance

The success of zinc finger-based human therapeutics currently under clinical trials largely depends on the molecular properties of the artificial zinc-finger proteins being deployed. This project will make it possible to improve kinetic properties of zinc-finger proteins via a deeper understanding of their DNA- scanning mechanisms, and will help boost therapeutic and biomedical applications of zinc finger-based technology.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01GM107590-01A1
Application #
8761186
Study Section
Macromolecular Structure and Function C Study Section (MSFC)
Program Officer
Preusch, Peter
Project Start
2014-08-01
Project End
2018-07-31
Budget Start
2014-08-01
Budget End
2015-07-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Texas Medical Br Galveston
Department
Biochemistry
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
City
Galveston
State
TX
Country
United States
Zip Code
77555
Iwahara, Junji; Zandarashvili, Levani; Kemme, Catherine A et al. (2018) NMR-based investigations into target DNA search processes of proteins. Methods 148:57-66
Sahu, Debashish; Iwahara, Junji (2017) Discrete-State Kinetics Model for NMR-Based Analysis of Protein Translocation on DNA at Equilibrium. J Phys Chem B 121:9548-9556
Kemme, Catherine A; Marquez, Rolando; Luu, Ross H et al. (2017) Potential role of DNA methylation as a facilitator of target search processes for transcription factors through interplay with methyl-CpG-binding proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 45:7751-7759
Esadze, Alexandre; Chen, Chuanying; Zandarashvili, Levani et al. (2016) Changes in conformational dynamics of basic side chains upon protein-DNA association. Nucleic Acids Res 44:6961-70
Chattopadhyay, Abhijnan; Esadze, Alexandre; Roy, Sourav et al. (2016) NMR Scalar Couplings across Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonds between Zinc-Finger Histidine Side Chains and DNA Phosphate Groups. J Phys Chem B :
Zandarashvili, Levani; Esadze, Alexandre; Kemme, Catherine A et al. (2016) Residence Times of Molecular Complexes in Solution from NMR Data of Intermolecular Hydrogen-Bond Scalar Coupling. J Phys Chem Lett 7:820-4
Kemme, Catherine A; Nguyen, Dan; Chattopadhyay, Abhijnan et al. (2016) Regulation of transcription factors via natural decoys in genomic DNA. Transcription 7:115-20
Chattopadhyay, Abhijnan; Zandarashvili, Levani; Luu, Ross H et al. (2016) Thermodynamic Additivity for Impacts of Base-Pair Substitutions on Association of the Egr-1 Zinc-Finger Protein with DNA. Biochemistry 55:6467-6474
Chen, Chuanying; Esadze, Alexandre; Zandarashvili, Levani et al. (2015) Dynamic Equilibria of Short-Range Electrostatic Interactions at Molecular Interfaces of Protein-DNA Complexes. J Phys Chem Lett 6:2733-7
Zandarashvili, Levani; White, Mark A; Esadze, Alexandre et al. (2015) Structural impact of complete CpG methylation within target DNA on specific complex formation of the inducible transcription factor Egr-1. FEBS Lett 589:1748-53

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