One of the fundamental challenges in contemporary disease ecology involves understanding infection dynamics within complex communities composed of multiple hosts and multiple pathogens. Hosts in nature are exposed to a 'cocktail' of different pathogens, therefore a central question concerns how interactions between co-occurring pathogens affect disease severity and pathogen transmission in host communities. Most research to date has been focused at a single level, examining either how multiple infections influence individual host pathology or using population surveys to identify correlations in pathogen co-occurrence within a host population. This focus on single scales (i.e., within-host vs. between- host) neglects a critically important question - namely, how do pathogen interactions within hosts 'scale up' to influence between- host processes, such as transmission and disease dynamics? The primary goal of this project is to understand how interactions among three virulent pathogens at different scales of biological complexity, including within hosts, between species, and among communities, combine to influence disease dynamics in amphibians, a group of globally threatened vertebrates. This project combines cross-sectional field surveys of wetland communities with controlled laboratory and mesocosm experiments to determine (1) how amphibian pathogens co-vary in occurrence and intensity across multiple spatial scales (individual hosts, host species, wetland communities), (2) the individual and combined effects of each pathogen on host pathology and pathogen infection success, and (3) the net effects of variation in host and pathogen community structure for pathogen transmission and host-pathogen dynamics. A stochastic, simulation-based modeling framework, uniquely focused on individual hosts, will be used to interpret experimental results and link field distributions of pathogens with underlying mechanisms. This project focuses on three pathogens that have been widely implicated in causing amphibian pathology: the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the trematode Ribeiroia ondatrae, and the viral genus Ranavirus.

Public Health Relevance

Results from this work will build toward a more mechanistic understanding of how changes in complex ecological communities - including both hosts and pathogens - interact to influence disease risk, laying a foundation to develop effective tools for forecasting epidemics and improving our understanding of disease emergence in both humans and wildlife. A broader understanding of the conditions in which pathogens interact to affect disease patterns has immediate relevance for public health, conservation, and wildlife management.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01GM109499-03
Application #
8891462
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-IDM-U (55))
Program Officer
Janes, Daniel E
Project Start
2013-09-01
Project End
2017-06-30
Budget Start
2015-07-01
Budget End
2016-06-30
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
$464,248
Indirect Cost
$40,027
Name
University of California Santa Barbara
Department
Type
Organized Research Units
DUNS #
094878394
City
Santa Barbara
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
93106
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Haas, Sarah E; Reeves, Mari K; Pinkney, Alfred E et al. (2018) Continental-extent patterns in amphibian malformations linked to parasites, chemical contaminants, and their interactions. Glob Chang Biol 24:e275-e288
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Knutie, Sarah A; Shea, Lauren A; Kupselaitis, Marinna et al. (2017) Early-Life Diet Affects Host Microbiota and Later-Life Defenses Against Parasites in Frogs. Integr Comp Biol 57:732-742
Spaak, Jurg W; Baert, Jan M; Baird, Donald J et al. (2017) Shifts of community composition and population density substantially affect ecosystem function despite invariant richness. Ecol Lett 20:1315-1324

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