DNA methylation is critical for essential processes including genomic imprinting, X-inactivation, transposable element silencing, and genome stability. DNA methylation patterns are the result of active DNA methylation and demethylation processes. Arabidopsis represents an excellent eukaryotic model system to dissect the functions and mechanisms of methylation and demethylation because of its facile genetics and genomics and the conservation of these processes with mammals. Arabidopsis has been a continued source of novel discoveries in the field of epigenetics. The function and regulation of DNA demethylation is under studied compared to processes that promote DNA methylation, partly because the mechanisms of active DNA demethylation have been elucidated only relatively recently. In plants, DNA demethylation is mediated by 5- methylcytosine (5-mC) DNA glycosylases that remove 5-mC from DNA by base excision repair, leading to its replacement with unmodified cytosine. Expression of the 5-mC DNA glycosylase ROS1 is significantly reduced in response to mutations in components of the maintenance methylation and RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathways. This suggests that there is a molecular crosstalk between the methylation and demethylation pathways to achieve a cellular balance of these antagonistic enzymatic activities. The long-term goal of this research is to define the molecular mechanisms that ensure DNA methylation homeostasis during plant growth and development and to determine the functional consequences of perturbing that homeostasis. The proposed research focuses on ROS1, a locus where multiple epigenetic pathways converge to modulate DNA demethylase expression in response to global and local changes in DNA methylation. We will determine why and how ROS1 transcription is reduced in response to the disruption of the RdDM pathway. We will identify regulators of this process through a novel genetic screen that will identify genes that promote expression of ROS1 in a methylation deficient background. Finally, we will determine whether the decreased expression of ROS1 that occurs during wild type sperm development in response to reduced DNA methylation is responsible for establishing proper genome-wide DNA methylation patterns after fertilization. These efforts will significantly increase our understanding of how the activity of epigenetic pathways is modulated in response to the state of the epigenome. Our findings will be directly applicable to mammals and other eukaryotes that control their genome through DNA methylation based mechanisms.

Public Health Relevance

Aberrant DNA methylation patterns are a hallmark of cancer and other diseases. This research addresses how DNA methylation and demethylation activities are coordinately regulated to generate the DNA methylation patterns that are critical for normal development. The research will also uncover new regulators of this process, which will lead to increased understanding of how these processes are altered in disease states.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01GM112851-02
Application #
9120924
Study Section
Molecular Genetics B Study Section (MGB)
Program Officer
Carter, Anthony D
Project Start
2015-08-07
Project End
2020-07-31
Budget Start
2016-08-01
Budget End
2017-07-31
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2016
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
Department
Type
DUNS #
120989983
City
Cambridge
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
Williams, Ben P; Gehring, Mary (2017) Stable transgenerational epigenetic inheritance requires a DNA methylation-sensing circuit. Nat Commun 8:2124
Gehring, Mary (2016) Prodigious plant methylomes. Genome Biol 17:197