Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have the remarkable properties of self-renewal and the capacity to generate differentiated cell types upon exposure to the correct stimulus. PSCs can be derived from the embryo (embryonic stem cells - ESCs) or by overexpression of transcription factors from somatic cells (induced pluripotent stem cells- iPSCs). The process of reprogramming to the iPSC state is slow- taking about 2-3 weeks to complete and inefficient - with only about a maximum of 5% of the starting population completing the process. The properties of PSCs are maintained extrinsically by controlling signaling pathways that prevent their differentiation. Intrinsically there is an auto regulatory lop of core transcription factors, which interacts with the epigenome to maintain the pluripotent state. While in general it is known that modifying the epigenome impacts reprogramming, how specific chromatin modifiers and signaling pathways mechanistically engage with the pluripotency regulatory network is largely unknown. We have found that in reprogramming intermediates, the combined action of a chromatin regulator and signaling modulator synergistically allowed the acquisition of an iPSC state at a very high efficiency. Using this system we have determined that, temporal erasure of key epigenetic marks occurs concomitant with both the transcriptional activation of pluripotency genes and down regulation of key growth factor signaling genes. In this proposal we will investigate the mechanism of interplay between the epigenome and signaling during the acquisition of pluripotency with the following aims: 1) To elucidate the mechanism of differential contribution of histone demethylases to pluripotency 2) To determine the interdependence of epigenetic marks during the acquisition of pluripotency and 3) To define the mechanistic contribution of gene repression during reprogramming. In this proposal we will gain a significant understanding of the mechanism of reprogramming and the barriers that have to be overcome to reach the iPSC state. This information is essential for expediting the process and increasing the efficiency and will therefore be highly impactful in translating the use of iPSCs for therapeutic purposes.
The creation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by the process of reprogramming of somatic cells to an embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like state represents a remarkable cell fate change. Since iPSCs have the potential to form many other cell types as a response to appropriate differentiation stimuli, these cells are the essential starting material for regenerative therapy. iPSCs overcome both the practical and ethical limitations of using donor -derived ESCs and have the additional attractive property in that they can be tailor-made for each patient or at least for each HLA-type in a population thus minimizing chances of immune rejection of replacement tissue. As the population ages, and degenerative diseases become prevalent the demand for patient-specific repair or rejuvenating tissue is likely to increase. In this proposal we will gain a significant understanding of the mechanism of reprogramming which will be highly impactful in translating the use of iPSCs for therapeutic purposes.
| Zaidan, Nur Zafirah; Walker, Kolin J; Brown, Jaime E et al. (2018) Compartmentalization of HP1 Proteins in Pluripotency Acquisition and Maintenance. Stem Cell Reports 10:627-641 |
| Buxton, Katherine E; Kennedy-Darling, Julia; Shortreed, Michael R et al. (2017) Elucidating Protein-DNA Interactions in Human Alphoid Chromatin via Hybridization Capture and Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 16:3433-3442 |
| Roy, Sushmita; Sridharan, Rupa (2017) Chromatin module inference on cellular trajectories identifies key transition points and poised epigenetic states in diverse developmental processes. Genome Res 27:1250-1262 |
