Individual respiratory complexes of mitochondria are in dynamic equilibrium with higher order supercomplex organizations that compose the respirasome. Physiological and pathological perturbations in the mitochondrial cardiolipin (CL) pool directly affect and regulate this equilibrium. Aging, neurodegenerative diseases, heart failure, ischemia/reperfusion, cancer and Barth Syndrome are associated with abnormal CL pools. Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants lacking CL display similar phenotypes to mammalian cells with reduced CL levels making yeast an excellent model system. We established that formation of the yeast tetrameric respiratory supercomplex (SC III2IV2) and cytochrome c (cyt c) channeling between complexes III (CIII, bc1 complex) and IV (CIV, cyt c oxidase) within the SC are directly dependent on CL. We propose an innovative combination of high resolution structural determinations using cryo electron microscopy, functional assays, genetic manipulation of yeast cells and novel lipid-dependent reconstitution studies to establish the molecular basis for CL-dependent formation and function of respiratory SCs.
Aim 1 : A) Resolution for the 3D density map of the SC III2IV2 has been increased from 15 to 4.9 , which will be used establish the dimensions of the lipid- filled gaps and the interface between CIII and CIV; B) determine the location(s) of bound cyt c in the SC to decipher how SC formation makes cyt c channeling possible; C) resolve the structure of the III2IV1 trimer to understand how structural differences with the tetramer results in CL-independent formation and lack of cyt c channeling in the trimer; D) perform structural studies of the SC tetramer lacking subunit Qcr6 of CIII to determine whether Qcr6p maintains the lipid-filled gap between CIII and CIV. The recent purchase of a FEI Titan Krios electron microscope with a Gatan K2 Summit direct electron detector will greatly increase the number of single particles that can be acquired resulting in a much higher resolution 3D density map for the SC III2IV2. The increased resolution will result in an expansion of protocols under this aim to precisely locate phospholipids (mainly CL) at the interface between CIII and CIV, determine the structure and location of Rcf1 (secondary factor responsible for SC stability), and determine at the atomic level the structure of CIV.
Aim 2 : A) integrate structural with quantitative analysis of CL and other lipids present in the above SCs; B) determine the features of CL that support tetrameric SC formation and function using an innovative in vitro SC-reconstitution system employing structural analogs of CL; C) mimic pathological conditions resulting in CL pool alterations to understand how CL levels and CL oxidation affect SC structure and function.
Aim 3 : A) determine CIII and CIV surface exposed CL-binding sites potentially responsible for SC formation using a photoactivatible CL analog; B) use Molecular Dynamic Simulations to predict surface exposed CL-binding sites; C) employ site-directed mutagenesis at chemically modified and predicted CL- binding sites that lie at the CIII-CIV interface for verification of their involvement in SC formation.
Cardiolipin is an essential lipid found in the mitochondria of cells and plays a central role in the function of this organelle in producing energy for cell functions and life. Reduced levels of cardiolipin have been implicated in mitochondrial dysfunction associated with hypothryroidism, failure of heart tissue recovery after heart attach, induction of premature cell death, oxidative stress, heart failure, aging, and Barth syndrome (an inherited disease characterized by susceptibility to infection, reduced heart and skeletal muscle function, growth retardation and premature death). This proposal is aimed at understanding the role of cardiolipin at the molecular level in supporting the necessary functions of the mitochondria, which will provide new information to better understand and find cures for the above diseases.
| Dowhan, William (2017) Understanding phospholipid function: Why are there so many lipids? J Biol Chem 292:10755-10766 |
