The human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) gene is regulated at the transcriptional level by a host of xenobiotic nuclear receptors (XNRs), including PXR, CAR, LXR?/?, PPAR? in addition to the Ah receptor and the antioxidant response factor Nrf2. Exposure of specific ligands that targets any of these receptors will lead to induction of the UGT1A1 gene. UGT1A1 is expressed in many tissues, but predominantly in the liver and gastrointestinal (GI) tract in adults. In addition, the UGT1A1 gene is developmentally regulated, with greatly reduced expression in the liver and GI tract during neonatal development. Reduced expression of UGT1A1 during development plays an important physiological role because UGT1A1 is the sole glucuronosyltransferase responsible for the metabolism of serum bilirubin. During neonatal development, reduced UGT1A1 expression results in a build-up of serum bilirubin that is presented as either moderate or severe hyperbilirubinemia. While usually benign, severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (SNH) can lead to acute and chronic encephalopathy, abnormal behavior, opisthotonus, seizures, cerebellar hypoplasia, with potential linkages to autism spectrum disorders. Thus, we hypothesize that in those children that are at heightened risk for bilirubin induced neurotoxicity, controlling or accelerating the metabolism of bilirubin and reducing total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels would prevent neurotoxicity. We have recently generated humanized UGT1 (hUGT1) mice where the murine Ugt1 locus was replaced with the human UGT1 locus, including the human UGT1A1 gene. The human UGT1A1 gene is regulated in a tissue specific and developmental fashion that is concordant with its expression in human tissues. Importantly, hUGT1 mice develop SNH during the neonatal stage, providing us with a unique animal model to examine the regulatory properties of the UGT1A1 gene. We have recently established that SNH in hUGT1 mice can lead to seizures, cerebellar hypoplasia, with significant myelination defects, all of which can be reversed by inducing either liver or GI tract UGT1A1 gene expression. With this background, three significant discoveries, all identified with in the last 1-2 years and linking regulation of the UGT1A1 gene to SNH will be examined in this proposal. First, the liver UGT1A1 gene is actively repressed during the neonatal period by the corepressor protein SMRT (silencing mediatory of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptor). Second, oral administration of isothiocyanates to neonatal hUGT1 mice, which are known to induce oxidative stress, dramatically induce liver UGT1A1 gene expression by activating liver CAR. Third, regulation of intestinal UGT1A1 expression during development is controlled by the corepressor protein NCoR1 (nuclear repressor corepressor). We have linked repression of intestinal UGT1A1 gene expression by NCoR1 with IKK? activity and oxidative stress. The regulatory events that we have outlined, each of which can reduce the risk of SNH, will be examined to unravel these novel mechanisms leading to expression of the human UGT1A1 gene.

Public Health Relevance

The human UGT1A1 gene is regulated by a complex network of developmental, tissue specific, inducible, and repressor factors that can be leveraged to control the metabolism of serum bilirubin. Using our novel humanized UGT1 (hUGT1) mice that express the human UGT1A1 gene in a temporal and tissue specific fashion that is comparable to its expression in human tissues, new discoveries have been made linking regulation of the UGT1A1 gene in both the liver and gastrointestinal tract that impact on the development of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. The objective of this application is to characterize these new regulatory mechanisms in hUGT1 mice that impact on expression of the UGT1A1 gene with the future objectives of leveraging these findings to accelerate bilirubin metabolism and limit the potential of bilirubin induced neurotoxicity.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01GM126074-02
Application #
9624437
Study Section
Xenobiotic and Nutrient Disposition and Action Study Section (XNDA)
Program Officer
Garcia, Martha
Project Start
2018-01-15
Project End
2021-11-30
Budget Start
2018-12-01
Budget End
2019-11-30
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2019
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of California, San Diego
Department
Pharmacology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
804355790
City
La Jolla
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
92093