Studies are proposed on the regulation of several genes with posited early functions in the embryogenesis of the sea urchin, based on their production of peak amounts of RNA in early development, and late functions based on the late stage accumulation of their RNAs. Two of these genes produce different RNA forms in early and late stages: One gene switches between polymorphic forms, producing a single poly(A)+ mRNA in the early stages and two different sizes of poly(A)- mRNA in the late stages. The other switches between single early poly(A)+ and late poly(A)- mRNAs. Animalizing agents tend to increase and prolong the syntheses of early function mRNAs and delay the onset of late function mRNA synthesis. Vegetalizing agents tend to enhance late function mRNA synthesis. Two mRNA species fulfilling the criterion of early stage function are also induced to be synthesized by treatment of late stage embryos with the animalizing agent zinc sulfate. One of these induced mRNAs is the poly(A)+ form of the set of polymorphic mRNAs, described above. The induction reverses the normal developmental program of changes. To understand the mechanisms through which these developmental changes are effected and their relationship to the determinative events of embryogenesis, we shall analyze the structures of these various genes, especially to assign origins to the polymorphic mRNAs, and to study the transcription, processing and stability of the various RNAs, as well as their properties as templates for translation, to explain the functional significance of the different sizes and states of polyadenylation. The induction phenomenon will be utilized as a way of experimentally controlling gene activity. At present, two species of mRNA are known to be enriched in ectoderm tissue of the pluteus and one species in the mesoderm-endoderm tissue. We shall study the developmental enhancement of nuclear RNA compared to mRNA that appears to be involved in establishing the tissue specificity of these mRNAs. Shifts in the concentrations of all of these mRNAs in association with imbalances in the development of the three germ tissues, studied in animalized and vegetalized embryos, may be a basis for understanding the promotion of cellular differentiation by differential gene activity. These processes may pivotally decide the course of normal vs. abnormal cellular differentiation.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01HD004367-31
Application #
3310279
Study Section
Molecular Biology Study Section (MBY)
Project Start
1978-06-01
Project End
1994-03-31
Budget Start
1992-04-01
Budget End
1994-03-31
Support Year
31
Fiscal Year
1992
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Institute for Cancer Research
Department
Type
DUNS #
872612445
City
Philadelphia
State
PA
Country
United States
Zip Code
19111
Nemer, M; Stuebing, E W; Bai, G et al. (1995) Spatial regulation of SpMTA metallothionein gene expression in sea urchin embryos by a regulatory cassette in intron 1. Mech Dev 50:131-7
Bai, G; Stuebing, E W; Parker, H R et al. (1993) Combinatorial regulation by promoter and intron 1 regions of the metallothionein SpMTA gene in the sea urchin embryo. Mol Cell Biol 13:993-1001
Nemer, M; Bai, G; Stuebing, E W (1993) Highly identical cassettes of gene regulatory elements, genomically repetitive and present in RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:10851-5
Nemer, M; Thornton, R D; Stuebing, E W et al. (1991) Structure, spatial, and temporal expression of two sea urchin metallothionein genes, SpMTB1 and SpMTA. J Biol Chem 266:6586-93
Nemer, M; Rondinelli, E; Infante, D et al. (1991) Polyubiquitin RNA characteristics and conditional induction in sea urchin embryos. Dev Biol 145:255-65
Harlow, P; Watkins, E; Thornton, R D et al. (1989) Structure of an ectodermally expressed sea urchin metallothionein gene and characterization of its metal-responsive region. Mol Cell Biol 9:5445-55
Nemer, M; Harlow, P (1988) Sea-urchin RNAs displaying differences in developmental regulation and in complementarity to a collagen exon probe. Biochim Biophys Acta 950:445-9
Harlow, P; Litwin, S; Nemer, M (1988) Synonymous nucleotide substitution rates of beta-tubulin and histone genes conform to high overall genomic rates in rodents but not in sea urchins. J Mol Evol 27:56-64
Harlow, P; Nemer, M (1987) Developmental and tissue-specific regulation of beta-tubulin gene expression in the embryo of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Genes Dev 1:147-60
Harlow, P; Nemer, M (1987) Coordinate and selective beta-tubulin gene expression associated with cilium formation in sea urchin embryos. Genes Dev 1:1293-304

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