Many aspects of spatial vision improve significantly during the first year of life At birth, contrast sensitivity, contrast discrimination threshold, grating acuity, and vernier acuity are all at least an order of magnitude poorer than mature values. Two primary goals in studies of visual development are: (a) to determine the consequences of such low sensitivity to the perception of various visual attributes and (b) to understand the optical and neural underpinnings of perinatal deficits and post- natal improvements. This application outlines a program of research to examine several aspects of spatial and chromatic visual sensitivity early in life. The guiding theme for much of the proposed research can be stated as a question: To what extent can age-related changes in pre-neural structures (e.g., optics, and photoreceptors) account for early spatial and chromatic visual deficits and their subsequent improvement? Answers to this question will help delineate the relative contributions of pre- neural and neural development to age changes in visual function. There are four specific aims. (1) We will construct ideal observers with the characteristics of the eyes and photoreceptors of infants of various ages. Their performance will be examined for a variety of spatial and chromatic visual tasks. Disparities in ideal performance at various ages will help delineate the consequences of immature optics and photoreceptors. (2) We will examine several aspects of the development of luminance contrast sensitivity and grating and vernier acuity. The experiments will provide useful data in their own right, but they are particularly important to deducing the consequences of immature photoreception on the development of performance in these tasks. (3) We will examine the development of chromatic sensitivity, too. Again these experiments will provide useful data in their own right, but they are designed specifically to determine if age changes in overall visual efficiency are sufficient to explain the development of chromatic discrimination or whether age changes in chromatic mechanisms per se are implied. (4) Finally, we will study the development of spatial phase discrimination using a paradigm that has illuminated fascinating anomalies in normal adult peripheral vision and in the central vision of adult amblyopes. We will examine the relationship between these phase anomalies and infants' phase sensitivity.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01HD019927-09
Application #
2197898
Study Section
Visual Sciences A Study Section (VISA)
Project Start
1985-01-01
Project End
1994-12-31
Budget Start
1993-01-01
Budget End
1994-12-31
Support Year
9
Fiscal Year
1993
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of California Berkeley
Department
Other Health Professions
Type
Schools of Optometry/Ophthalmol
DUNS #
094878337
City
Berkeley
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
94704
Candy, T R; Banks, M S (1999) Use of an early nonlinearity to measure optical and receptor resolution in the human infant. Vision Res 39:3386-98
Candy, T R; Crowell, J A; Banks, M S (1998) Optical, receptoral, and retinal constraints on foveal and peripheral vision in the human neonate. Vision Res 38:3857-70
Crowell, J A; Banks, M S (1996) Ideal observer for heading judgments. Vision Res 36:471-90
Shannon, E; Skoczenski, A M; Banks, M S (1996) Retinal illuminance and contrast sensitivity in human infants. Vision Res 36:67-76
Royden, C S; Crowell, J A; Banks, M S (1994) Estimating heading during eye movements. Vision Res 34:3197-214
Allen, D; Banks, M S; Norcia, A M (1993) Does chromatic sensitivity develop more slowly than luminance sensitivity? Vision Res 33:2553-62
Crowell, J A; Banks, M S (1993) Perceiving heading with different retinal regions and types of optic flow. Percept Psychophys 53:325-37
Hartmann, E E; Banks, M S (1992) Temporal contrast sensitivity in human infants. Vision Res 32:1163-8
Savage, G L; Banks, M S (1992) Scotopic visual efficiency: constraints by optics, receptor properties, and rod pooling. Vision Res 32:645-56
Bennett, P J; Banks, M S (1991) The effects of contrast, spatial scale, and orientation on foveal and peripheral phase discrimination. Vision Res 31:1759-86

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