The overall goal of this research program is to advance understanding of how infants acquire flexibility in motor skill. Functional skills require flexibility because everyday life continually poses new problems that demand new solutions. Even high practiced actions such as sitting, standing, crawling, and walking must be modified on a moment to moment basis to cope with changing biomechanical constraints. The proposed studies will examine the processes and mechanisms by which infants learn to cope with novel situations and the circumstances under which they generalize what they have learned. The emphasis on flexibility shifts the core of this research from descriptions of motor development to central issues in psychology such as learning, memory, and the nature of developmental processes.
Specific aim 1 is to examine online adaptation to altered biomechanical constraints. The proposed experiments will identify the variety of strategies infants use to cope with a novel perturbation to balance control, the relative effectiveness of each strategy and the role of experience in facilitating or impeding adaptation.
Specific aim 2 is to investigate the exploratory movements that guide locomotion. The proposed experiments will examine how access to visual information about the feet and ground affects infants' search for further information.
Specific aim 3 is to test learning and transfer of context- specific cues for guiding locomotion. The proposed experiments ask whether infants can learn to associate visual cues for surface rigidity and friction with the consequences for locomotion.
Specific aim 4 is to describe the quantity and context of everyday locomotor experience. Four diary studies will track infants' active and passive experience with stance and locomotion from birth through several weeks after walking onset. Together, this research provides a comprehensive program for investigating how infants cope with varying body in an ever-expanding world. The project will yield a clearer picture of the joint roles of learning and development in achieving flexibility. In addition, results may have practical applications for promoting new skills in typically developing infants and children with motor impairments.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01HD033486-09
Application #
6636912
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-BBBP-7 (01))
Program Officer
Feerick, Margaret M
Project Start
2001-08-20
Project End
2006-04-30
Budget Start
2003-05-01
Budget End
2004-04-30
Support Year
9
Fiscal Year
2003
Total Cost
$270,229
Indirect Cost
Name
New York University
Department
Psychology
Type
Other Domestic Higher Education
DUNS #
041968306
City
New York
State
NY
Country
United States
Zip Code
10012
Hoch, Justine E; O'Grady, Sinclaire M; Adolph, Karen E (2018) It's the journey, not the destination: Locomotor exploration in infants. Dev Sci :e12740
Adolph, Karen E; Tamis-LeMonda, Catherine S (2014) The Costs and Benefits of Development: The Transition From Crawling to Walking. Child Dev Perspect 8:187-192
Karasik, Lana B; Adolph, Karen E; Tamis-Lemonda, Catherine S et al. (2010) WEIRD walking: cross-cultural research on motor development. Behav Brain Sci 33:95-6
Gill, Simone V; Adolph, Karen E; Vereijken, Beatrix (2009) Change in action: how infants learn to walk down slopes. Dev Sci 12:888-902