Chronic calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) are toxic to the kidney and cause vascular endothelial dysfunction. Maintenance of kidney function and avoidance of long-term vascular complications are a major challenge especially in pediatric patients treated with CNIs. The key to reducing the damage caused by immunosuppressant toxicity is early detection. Once detected, the damage caused by immunosuppressant toxicity can be reduced by modification/ individualization of the immunosuppressive drug regimen. However, both the diagnostic tools for early detection and the monitoring tools to guide such an individualization of immunosuppressive drug regimens are currently unavailable and clinical practice still relies on relatively late and insensitive markers such as creatinine in serum and on invasive methods such as percutaneous kidney biopsies. We hypothesize that - the negative effects of CNIs on kidney cell and vascular endothelial cell metabolism in pediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome and after kidney transplantation are reflected by changes in plasma and urine metabolite patterns, and - plasma and urine metabolite markers have better sensitivity and specificity compared to markers currently established in the clinic such as creatinine in serum. We will use a unique comprehensive strategy based on metabolite and protein molecular markers established in the investigators'laboratories to assess the toxicodynamic mechanisms of the CNI tacrolimus in pediatric patients. This proposal will be based on two clinical trials: one based on pediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome that require treatment with CNIs (Aim 1, """"""""learning data set"""""""") and the other based on pediatric patients after kidney transplantation who receive an immunosuppressive drug regimen based on the CNI tacrolimus (Aim 2, """"""""proof-of-concept"""""""" qualification study in a more complex study population). Among others, these studies will answer the following questions: - Are plasma and urine metabolite and protein pattern changes in pediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome sensitive enough to reflect the negative effects of CNIs on the metabolism and function of the proximal tubule and vascular endothelial cells already after the first dose? - Do changes of urinary metabolite and protein patterns reflect CNI-induced mitochondrial dysfunction? - Can children who are more sensitive to CNI nephrotoxicity and vascular endothelial dysfunction already be identified within the first week of exposure and before any noticeable changes in serum creatinine occur? - Will plasma and urine metabolite and protein pattern changes also be a valid diagnostic tool in the more complex kidney transplant children? - Will these metabolite and protein pattern changes be sufficiently specific to distinguish immunosuppressant toxicity from immune and inflammatory kidney injury? - Will plasma and urine metabolite and protein pattern changes be more sensitive and thus predict the increase of less sensitive markers such as creatinine in serum? If successful, our results will not only provide mechanistic insights into CNI renal and vascular toxicity in vivo but will also provide proof-of-concept for the development of candidate markers into clinical diagnostic tools. Utilization of these markers may allow for (A) predicting tolerability of an immunosuppressive drug regimen and individualization of immunosuppressive therapy, (B) monitoring allograft function and CNI toxicity, and (C) improving clinical long-term outcomes.

Public Health Relevance

Calcineurin inhibitors are highly effective immunosuppressants used in children with immune-mediated diseases and after organ and bone marrow transplantation. However, the use of calcineurin inhibitors is limited by their toxic effects on the kidney and the induction of vascular endothelial dysfunction. Current clinical diagnostic markers are known to be insensitive and to only rise after significant damage has already occurred. The proposed study seeks to assess the clinically relevant mechanisms of calcineurin inhibitor toxicity to develop plasma and urine metabolite biomarkers for the early detection of negative effects on kidney and vascular endothelial cells in pediatric patients with the nephrotic syndrome and in pediatric patients who undergo kidney transplantation. We will also determine whether these metabolite biomarkers have better sensitivity and specificity compared to markers in current clinical use such as serum creatinine and/or cystatin C levels.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01HD070511-01
Application #
8198336
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZHD1-DSR-K (10))
Program Officer
Taylor-Zapata, Perdita
Project Start
2011-07-20
Project End
2016-04-30
Budget Start
2011-07-20
Budget End
2012-04-30
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2011
Total Cost
$379,850
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Colorado Denver
Department
Internal Medicine/Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
041096314
City
Aurora
State
CO
Country
United States
Zip Code
80045
Shipkova, Maria; López, Olga Millán; Picard, Nicolas et al. (2016) Analytical Aspects of the Implementation of Biomarkers in Clinical Transplantation. Ther Drug Monit 38 Suppl 1:S80-92
Christians, Uwe; Klawitter, Jelena; Klawitter, Jost (2016) Biomarkers in Transplantation--Proteomics and Metabolomics. Ther Drug Monit 38 Suppl 1:S70-4
Klepacki, Jacek; Klawitter, Jost; Klawitter, Jelena et al. (2016) Amino acids in a targeted versus a non-targeted metabolomics LC-MS/MS assay. Are the results consistent? Clin Biochem 49:955-61
Thurman, Joshua M (2015) Complement in kidney disease: core curriculum 2015. Am J Kidney Dis 65:156-68
Klawitter, Jost; Nashan, Björn; Christians, Uwe (2015) Everolimus and sirolimus in transplantation-related but different. Expert Opin Drug Saf 14:1055-70
Klepacki, Jacek; Klawitter, Jost; Klawitter, Jelena et al. (2015) A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based targeted metabolomics kidney dysfunction marker panel in human urine. Clin Chim Acta 446:43-53
Taylor, Rachel R; Hoffman, Keith L; Schniedewind, Björn et al. (2013) Comparison of the quantification of acetaminophen in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and dried blood spots using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 83:1-9
Renner, Brandon; Klawitter, Jelena; Goldberg, Ryan et al. (2013) Cyclosporine induces endothelial cell release of complement-activating microparticles. J Am Soc Nephrol 24:1849-62
Klepacki, Jacek; Brunner, Nina; Schmitz, Volker et al. (2013) Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS assay for the quantification of the trans-methylation pathway intermediates S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine in human plasma. Clin Chim Acta 421:91-7
Bohra, Rahul; Klepacki, Jacek; Klawitter, Jelena et al. (2013) Proteomics and metabolomics in renal transplantation-quo vadis? Transpl Int 26:225-41

Showing the most recent 10 out of 12 publications