Mortality in children from aspergillosis is more than 50%. Voriconazole is the first-line therapy for this infection, and we have shown a highly significant relationship between voriconazole plasma concentrations and survival. However, voriconazole dosing is currently empirical, and plasma exposure varies between children by 400% or more, even after intravenous dosing. At most, CYP2C19 genotype accounts for 40% of this variability. Therefore it is crucial to quantify the impact of age and illness on the phenotypc activity of CYP2C19, CYP3A4 and flavin mono-oxygenase 3 (FMO3), which together metabolize >90% of voriconazole, and to optimally and rationally dose this critical drug. CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 metabolize nearly half of therapeutic drugs, while the broad substrate specificity of FMO3 suggests its role in pediatric pharmacotherapy has been overlooked, voriconazole serving as a recent example. Therefore, our novel combination of laboratory and statistical methods will set the stage for paradigm-changing methods of pediatric drug development and therapeutic dosing. The hypothesis of our innovative and cross-disciplinary proposal is that the ontogeny of CYP2C19, CYP3A4 and FMO3 will significantly correlate with observed age-related changes in voriconazole PK and will have a major impact on dosing and strategies to most rapidly achieve voriconazole plasma concentrations that are associated with survival. There are three Specific Aims for the project: 1) to characterize the longitudinal CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and FMO3 phenotypes in children and adolescents; 2) to describe voriconazole PK using empirical and physiological models; and 3) to optimize patient voriconazole dosing with model-based Bayesian adaptive control. We will enroll 60 children/adolescents requiring voriconazole in a phase I/II PK study, stratified by age under 2 years (n=10), 2-12 years (n=25) and 12-18 years (n=25). All patients will begin with intravenous (IV) dosing and transition to oral dosing when clinically indicated. From each patient we will collect the following: 1) a blood sample for detection of several CYP2C19 and FMO3 SNPs known to affect enzyme activity; 2) up to 9 steady-state PK blood samples after IV and oral doses; and 3) single PK blood samples 2 hours post-dose at 2 follow-up visits. At the time of the IV voriconazole dose prior to the PK sampling, we will also give single IV microdoses of esomeprazole, midazolam, and ranitidine as a cocktail to probe CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and FOM3 activity, respectively. We will repeat this cocktail with oral doses before the oral PK visit and two follow-up visits. We will estimate DME phenotype using ratios of probe drug metabolite and parent areas under the plasma time concentration curves (AUCs) and simultaneously quantify peripheral blood mononuclear cell DME mRNA and protein. We will test associations between DME phenotype, mRNA, protein, voriconazole PK parameters, age, sex, and degree of illness.

Public Health Relevance

This study will enroll children and adolescents up to age 18 who are receiving therapy with the antifungal drug voriconazole. We will study why voriconazole concentrations in the body ('pharmacokinetics') are very different between children and adults, even when the dose is adjusted for body weight. As we learn more about this, we will put this information into computer software to improve our ability to pick the dose of voriconazole for individual patients so that they more reliably get the concentrations in their blood that have been shown to be good treatment for serious fungal infections.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01HD070886-05
Application #
8810675
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-CB-L (55))
Program Officer
Zajicek, Anne
Project Start
2012-02-22
Project End
2017-01-31
Budget Start
2015-02-01
Budget End
2016-01-31
Support Year
5
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
$465,030
Indirect Cost
$130,583
Name
Children's Hospital of Los Angeles
Department
Type
DUNS #
052277936
City
Los Angeles
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
90027
Neely, Michael N; Kato, Lauren; Youn, Gilmer et al. (2018) Prospective Trial on the Use of Trough Concentration versus Area under the Curve To Determine Therapeutic Vancomycin Dosing. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 62:
Ramos-Martín, V; Neely, M N; Padmore, K et al. (2017) Tools for the Individualized Therapy of Teicoplanin for Neonates and Children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61:
Bayard, David S; Neely, Michael (2017) Experiment design for nonparametric models based on minimizing Bayes Risk: application to voriconazole¹. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 44:95-111
Huurneman, Luc J; Neely, Michael; Veringa, Anette et al. (2016) Pharmacodynamics of Voriconazole in Children: Further Steps along the Path to True Individualized Therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 60:2336-42
Neely, Michael; Philippe, Michael; Rushing, Teresa et al. (2016) Accurately Achieving Target Busulfan Exposure in Children and Adolescents With Very Limited Sampling and the BestDose Software. Ther Drug Monit 38:332-42
Størset, Elisabet; Åsberg, Anders; Skauby, Morten et al. (2015) Improved Tacrolimus Target Concentration Achievement Using Computerized Dosing in Renal Transplant Recipients--A Prospective, Randomized Study. Transplantation 99:2158-66
Neely, Michael; Louie, Stan; Xu, Jiaao et al. (2015) Simultaneous plasma and genital pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atazanavir and efavirenz in HIV-infected women starting therapy. J Clin Pharmacol 55:798-808
Neely, Michael; Margol, Ashley; Fu, Xiaowei et al. (2015) Achieving target voriconazole concentrations more accurately in children and adolescents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59:3090-7
Neely, Michael; Kaplan, Edward L; Blumer, Jeffrey L et al. (2014) A population pharmacokinetic modeling approach shows that serum penicillin G concentrations are below inhibitory concentrations by two weeks after benzathine penicillin G injection in the majority of young adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:6735-41
Åsberg, A; Bjerre, A; Neely, M (2014) New algorithm for valganciclovir dosing in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 18:103-11

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