Transgender people are a diverse group of individuals whose gender identity differs from their sex assigned at birth. They express their gender-variant identity in various ways and through a multitude of self- labels, both within and outside of binary conceptualizations of sex/gender as either male or female, man or woman, masculine or feminine. While public awareness of this diversity has grown, our understanding of transgender people's experience is limited by a lack of systematic research on their identity development. Health inequities documented among the U.S. transgender population include depression (44%), suicidal ideation (54%) and attempts (31%), anxiety (33%), smoking (36%), and HIV infection (12% based on self- report; 28% on testing). Social stigma attached to gender nonconformity has been proposed as a major contributing factor to these health inequities. Previous research found that the vast majority of transgender individuals experienced discrimination. Much of the data, however, is limited by the use of small convenience samples of transgender women with a history of sex work, recruited from AIDS and social service agencies. The goal of this study is to move beyond these limitations by using purposive, venue-based sampling to recruit a broad, diverse sample of transgender people in 3 U.S. cities--New York, San Francisco, and Atlanta-and enroll them into a mixed-method longitudinal study to test an adaptation of the minority stress model, investigating vulnerability, risk and resilience in the context of identity development.
The aims of the study are: (1) To describe the process of transgender identity development based on qualitative lifeline interviews with a sample of 90 transgender individuals ages 16 and older, and identify periods of acute vulnerability and characteristics of resilience; (2) Informed by findings from Aim 1, to refine a model combining identity development, minority stress, and resilience, and to develop/adapt measures to assess the model's key constructs; (3) To test the model of resilience in a cohort of transgender individuals (N = 480) stratified by city, gender, and age, and follow them over time (baseline, 1-, 2-, and 3-year follow up interviews); and (4) To triangulate qualitative and quantitative data on identity development and minority stress processes in order to inform the future development and testing of intervention strategies aimed at fostering resilience and reducing stigma and discrimination. By achieving these aims, this study will make a significant advance in scientific knowledge about gender identity development, minority stress processes (enacted stigma, felts stigma, concealment, shame and their impact on health and psychosocial adjustment), minority coping (on an individual as well as community level), and the development of resilience over time. The study is innovative in its focus on an understudied minority population, the application of the lifeline interview method to this population, and the adaptation and testing of the minority stress model within the context of transgender identity development.

Public Health Relevance

Research to date has found inequities in mental health, substance use, HIV infection, and other health concerns among gender nonconforming people in the United States. This study takes a longitudinal, mixed- method approach to uncover the mechanism of how stigma and minority stress affect health and psychosocial development among this population, identifying periods of acute vulnerability and corresponding resilience. Findings will inform the development of future intervention strategies aimed at reducing stigma and promoting the health and wellbeing of this and other vulnerable populations.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01HD079603-04
Application #
9296166
Study Section
Social Psychology, Personality and Interpersonal Processes Study Section (SPIP)
Program Officer
White, Della
Project Start
2014-09-25
Project End
2019-06-30
Budget Start
2017-07-01
Budget End
2018-06-30
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2017
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
New York State Psychiatric Institute
Department
Type
DUNS #
167204994
City
New York
State
NY
Country
United States
Zip Code
10032
Jackman, Kasey B; Dolezal, Curtis; Levin, Bruce et al. (2018) Stigma, gender dysphoria, and nonsuicidal self-injury in a community sample of transgender individuals. Psychiatry Res 269:602-609
Jackman, Kasey; Edgar, Brittany; Ling, Amanda et al. (2018) Experiences of transmasculine spectrum people who report nonsuicidal self-injury: A qualitative investigation. J Couns Psychol 65:586-597
Lykens, James E; LeBlanc, Allen J; Bockting, Walter O (2018) Healthcare Experiences Among Young Adults Who Identify as Genderqueer or Nonbinary. LGBT Health 5:191-196
Jackman, Kasey B; Dolezal, Curtis; Bockting, Walter O (2018) Generational Differences in Internalized Transnegativity and Psychological Distress Among Feminine Spectrum Transgender People. LGBT Health 5:54-60
Rael, Christine Tagliaferri; Martinez, Michelle; Giguere, Rebecca et al. (2018) Barriers and Facilitators to Oral PrEP Use Among Transgender Women in New York City. AIDS Behav 22:3627-3636
Reisner, Sari L; Deutsch, Madeline B; Bhasin, Shalender et al. (2016) Advancing methods for US transgender health research. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 23:198-207
Bockting, Walter; Coleman, Eli; Deutsch, Madeline B et al. (2016) Adult development and quality of life of transgender and gender nonconforming people. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 23:188-97