Control of oxygen affinity of the heme by the globin. The oxygen affinities of vertebrate myoglobins and free hemoglobin subunits are of the order of p5O - 0.5-1.0 mm Hg. Physiological cofactors such as hydrogen and chloride ions, C02 and organic phosphates lower the oxygen affinity, but no vertebrate hemoglobin or synthetic iron porphyrin has been found whose oxygen affinity is raised significantly above that level. On the other hand, the oxygen affinity of the hemoglobin of the root nodules of legumes is 10 times higher and in Ascaris it is over a hundred times higher. This poses a chemical mystery which Perutz is trying to solve. Species adaptation in the hemoglobin molecule. Some animals' adaptation to their environment includes the respiratory functions of their haemoglobins. Did such molecular adaptation evolve gradually by the cumulative effect of many amino acid substitutions, or more abruptly, by a few substitutions in key positions, while most of the differences in amino acid sequence between the haemoglobins of different species are selectively neutral? Recombinant DNA technology together with X-ray crystallography now allows us to mimic molecular evolution in vitro in order to find answers to these questions. Drugs that lower the oxygen affinity. Drugs that lower the oxygen affinity would be useful to administer after shock, and to increase oxygen delivery to infarcted tissues and to tumours before irradiation. Perutz & Poyart's discovery that the antilipidemic drug bezafibrate lowers the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin has lid to the synthesis of a series of increasingly powerful compounds, but competition by serum albumin has prevented their application. Work to overcome this obstacle in collaboration with an American group is in progress. Hemoglobin as an oxygen sensor. Dr. Gilles-Gonzales has discovered a protein in rhizobium which is both a hemoglobin and an ATP-ase. It is an oxygen sensor that regulates the transcription of the genes for the nitrogen-fixing proteins. This hemoglobin may be a model for other sensor-regulated transcription factors, including the oxygen sensor that regulates synthesis of hematopoietin in the kidneys. Dr. Gilles-Gonzales and Perutz want to determine its structure in order to find out how it works.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01HL031461-11
Application #
2216846
Study Section
Biophysical Chemistry Study Section (BBCB)
Project Start
1983-12-01
Project End
1995-06-30
Budget Start
1994-07-01
Budget End
1995-06-30
Support Year
11
Fiscal Year
1994
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Medical Research Council Lab of Molec Biol
Department
Type
DUNS #
232560263
City
Cambridge
State
Country
United Kingdom
Zip Code
CB2 0-QH
Boyle, W A; Muralidharan, S; Maher, G M et al. (1997) Vascular actions of 'caged' phenylephrine analogs depend on the structure and site of attachment of the 2-nitrobenzyl group. J Photochem Photobiol B 41:233-44
Stott, K; Blackburn, J M; Butler, P J et al. (1995) Incorporation of glutamine repeats makes protein oligomerize: implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:6509-13
Whitaker, T L; Berry, M B; Ho, E L et al. (1995) The D-helix in myoglobin and in the beta subunit of hemoglobin is required for the retention of heme. Biochemistry 34:8221-6
Gilles-Gonzalez, M A; Gonzalez, G; Perutz, M F (1995) Kinase activity of oxygen sensor FixL depends on the spin state of its heme iron. Biochemistry 34:232-6
Perutz, M F (1995) Polar zippers: their role in human disease. Pharm Acta Helv 69:213-24
De Baere, I; Perutz, M F; Kiger, L et al. (1994) Formation of two hydrogen bonds from the globin to the heme-linked oxygen molecule in Ascaris hemoglobin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:1594-7
Gilles-Gonzalez, M A; Gonzalez, G; Perutz, M F et al. (1994) Heme-based sensors, exemplified by the kinase FixL, are a new class of heme protein with distinctive ligand binding and autoxidation. Biochemistry 33:8067-73
Perutz, M (1994) Polar zippers: their role in human disease. Protein Sci 3:1629-37
Perutz, M F; Fermi, G; Poyart, C et al. (1993) A novel allosteric mechanism in haemoglobin. Structure of bovine deoxyhaemoglobin, absence of specific chloride-binding sites and origin of the chloride-linked Bohr effect in bovine and human haemoglobin. J Mol Biol 233:536-45
Gilles-Gonzalez, M A; Gonzalez, G (1993) Regulation of the kinase activity of heme protein FixL from the two-component system FixL/FixJ of Rhizobium meliloti. J Biol Chem 268:16293-7

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