The objectives of this proposal are to: (1) identify the prevalence of sleep apnea (SA) in women and its relationship to age; (2) predict those women at risk for SA; and (3) define the natural history of those with SA. Often SA is accompanied by considerable morbidity; the associated excessive daytime sleepiness, cardiovascular abnormalities and cognitive impairment impact greatly on daytime functioning. The obese, hypertensives, elderly and postmenopausal women are reported to be at increased risk for SA. We have published on the prevalence of SA in several special populations: elderly subjects without sleep complaints and insomniac, narcoleptic, hypertensive and obese patients. We are currently establishing the prevalence of SA in men based on the sleep laboratory evaluation of approximately 1,000 men randomly selected from a randomly generated telephone sample of 4,364 men from the general population. To date we have completed the first-stage telephone survey and have recorded in the sleep laboratory about 700 for the second stage of the study. Our preliminary estimate of prevalence is that about 2.2% of the adult male population have clinically diagnosable SA. Further, in the male sample, the age distribution is not linearly related to age. Rather, it peaks at approximately age 55. Finally, the major risk factors appear to be obesity and snoring. The differences in the male/female ratio in clinical and selected populations range from 10.0:1 to 1.9:1. One recent study suggests that the prevalence of SA in women is about 2-fold less than in men. However, this study did not sample the general population and used only a restricted age range (30 to 60 years) which did not allow the assessment of the influence of menopause. Thus, the prevalence of SA in women in the general population remains largely undetermined. In order to establish the prevalence in women with reasonable precision, the proposed prevalence determination will employ a two-stage sample modified from our prevalence study in men currently in progress in the following two ways: 1) an expanded telephone sample (N=12,000 women) selected randomly from the general population will be evaluated, for clinically relevant risk factors for SA; and 2) a second sample (N=1,500) selected randomly from the first sample based on higher risk for SA (including the additional risk factor of menopause) will be evaluated in the sleep laboratory to determine the presence of SA. This strategy will yield an adequate power in order to establish the prevalence of SA requiring treatment and SDB in women in the general population as well as result in a large enough sample to enable us to establish the association between risk factors and SA in women.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01HL051931-04
Application #
2378815
Study Section
Epidemiology and Disease Control Subcommittee 2 (EDC)
Project Start
1994-04-01
Project End
1999-02-28
Budget Start
1997-03-01
Budget End
1998-02-28
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
1997
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Pennsylvania State University
Department
Psychiatry
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
129348186
City
Hershey
State
PA
Country
United States
Zip Code
17033
Gaines, Jordan; Vgontzas, Alexandros N; Fernandez-Mendoza, Julio et al. (2018) Obstructive sleep apnea and the metabolic syndrome: The road to clinically-meaningful phenotyping, improved prognosis, and personalized treatment. Sleep Med Rev 42:211-219
LaGrotte, C; Fernandez-Mendoza, J; Calhoun, S L et al. (2016) The relative association of obstructive sleep apnea, obesity and excessive daytime sleepiness with incident depression: a longitudinal, population-based study. Int J Obes (Lond) 40:1397-404
Fernandez-Mendoza, Julio; Vgontzas, Alexandros N; Kritikou, Ilia et al. (2015) Natural history of excessive daytime sleepiness: role of obesity, weight loss, depression, and sleep propensity. Sleep 38:351-60
Gaines, Jordan; Vgontzas, Alexandros N; Fernandez-Mendoza, Julio et al. (2015) Short- and Long-Term Sleep Stability in Insomniacs and Healthy Controls. Sleep 38:1727-34
Fernandez-Mendoza, Julio; Shea, Sarah; Vgontzas, Alexandros N et al. (2015) Insomnia and incident depression: role of objective sleep duration and natural history. J Sleep Res 24:390-8
Vgontzas, A N; Fernandez-Mendoza, J; Miksiewicz, T et al. (2014) Unveiling the longitudinal association between short sleep duration and the incidence of obesity: the Penn State Cohort. Int J Obes (Lond) 38:825-32
Fernandez-Mendoza, Julio; Vgontzas, Alexandros N (2013) Insomnia and its impact on physical and mental health. Curr Psychiatry Rep 15:418
Vgontzas, Alexandros N; Fernandez-Mendoza, Julio; Liao, Duanping et al. (2013) Insomnia with objective short sleep duration: the most biologically severe phenotype of the disorder. Sleep Med Rev 17:241-54
Vgontzas, Alexandros N; Fernandez-Mendoza, Julio (2013) Insomnia with Short Sleep Duration: Nosological, Diagnostic, and Treatment Implications. Sleep Med Clin 8:309-322
Singareddy, Ravi; Vgontzas, Alexandros N; Fernandez-Mendoza, Julio et al. (2012) Risk factors for incident chronic insomnia: a general population prospective study. Sleep Med 13:346-53

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