Pharmacologic preconditioning (PPC) is an approach to limit ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury that does not require prior brief ischemia or the presence of the drug once ischemia occurs. KATP channel agonists, per se, induce PPC via memory pathways that lead to cardioprotection assessed by better tissue perfusion, improved metabolic and mechanical function, fewer dysrhythmias and reduced infarct size. Limits to our understanding of features and mechanisms of PPC have impeded optimal utilization of this potent phenomenon to protect against cardiac IR injury. Particularly lacking is an understanding of the role of the mitochondrion in PPC. Big (B) conductance Ca2+ -sensitive K+ channels (BKCa) are also present in cardiac cell inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) and appear to mediate cardioprotection. We have evidence of protection also by small conductance (S) KCa channels in the IMM. We propose that drug -induced K+ entry into the mitochondrial (m) matrix alters bioenergetics in a way that increases electron leak to induce an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) required to trigger downstream protective effects. Preliminary results indicate that protective effects of mKCa channel opening are blocked by dismutation of the superoxide radical. A unifying hypothesis for the initiating mechanism of PPC may be a matrix K+ influx -induced ROS generation. We will a) examine in guinea pig isolated cardiac mitochondria the bioenergetic mechanisms initiated by matrix K+ influx that lead to ROS generation and b) determine the specific ROS responsible for triggering PPC in guinea pig isolated hearts. In addition we will c) identify these channels by Western blots, 2D gel electrophoresis and MALDI- TOF and LIT SNCE mass spectrometry and characterize these channels in artificial lipid bilayers. We will use the best techniques, measures (mitochondrial respiration, cytosolic and mCa2+, NADH, mFAD, mpH, IMM potential, and several ROS) and drugs available to search for the factors, the sequence of events, and the specific ROS that initiate PPC.
These studies will result in a better understanding of the regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetic function by Ca2+, K+, and ROS, and selection of the mitochondrion as a target for pharmacologic manipulation. This research should lead to the practical application of mitochondrial-targeted drugs to prophylactically treat patients with coronary artery disease using novel approaches.
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