Emerging clinical data in the HLA-matched setting suggest that high-dose post-transplant cyclophosphamide (Cy) given as a single agent is effective in preventing both acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT). Patients who undergo transplants using this strategy have a low incidence of infections, and despite advanced disease stage, their survival rate is favorable, suggesting that this approach retains the graft-versus-leukemia effect. The exact mechanisms behind the efficacy of high-dose Cy as a post-transplant immunosuppressant are not fully understood, and systematic study of the correlates of T-cell immune recovery in the context of our ongoing multiinstitutional clinical trial will be crucial for complete understandingof the mechanisms. We hypothesize that high-dose Cy prevents acute GVHD by reducing the frequency of effector T cells while sparing the critical regulatory T-cell (Treg) pool. In addition we predict that the rapid establishment of regulatory T-cell homeostasis is critical for the development of tolerance and the absence of chronic GVHD. Finally, we hypothesize that grade 2-4 acute GVHD that requires treatment with conventional immune suppression after high-dose Cy prophylaxis will be associated with a significant delay in the recovery of a diverse T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire in the Treg compartment. To test the validity of our hypotheses, we will first test for associations between the cellular and molecular changes in the effector and regulatory T-cell subsets and the development of grade 2-4 acute GVHD in patients treated with post-transplantation Cy. Second, we will determine whether the absence of chronic GVHD and the development of tolerance are influenced by Treg repertoire reconstitution and thymic recovery. Third, by measuring the TCR 2 chain CDR3 region sequence diversity in the naive, memory and regulatory T- cell compartments using high-throughput DNA sequencing technology, we will analyze whether any significant GVHD that occurs after the high-dose Cy prophylaxis is associated with the delayed reconstitution of a diverse Treg repertoire. The work proposed is expected to provide essential mechanistic insights supporting the use of a short course of GVHD prophylaxis that promotes tolerance induction and provides immune system reconstitution in an environment free of ongoing pharmacologic immunosuppression. It will also provide a high- resolution picture of the immune spectra in T-cell subsets and illuminate a path toward better control of alloreactivity.

Public Health Relevance

The use of post-transplantation cyclophosphamide as short-course GVHD prophylaxis that promotes tolerance induction carries the promise of decreasing the toxicities associated with chronic immunosuppression and of improving the prevention of GVHD, which is the major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (alloHSCT). We expect that once the operational mechanisms behind the efficacy of cyclophosphamide in GVHD prevention and tolerance induction are understood and a high- resolution picture of its effect on post-transplant immune recovery is gained, this strategy may potentially provide an optimal platform for immunotherapeutic interventions that boost tumor-specific immunity and prevent disease relapse. In addition, this approach may extend the applicability of alloHSCT to patients with non-malignant hematological and autoimmune disorders.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01HL110907-03
Application #
8582562
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZHL1-CSR-B (O1))
Program Officer
Welniak, Lisbeth A
Project Start
2011-12-15
Project End
2015-11-30
Budget Start
2013-12-01
Budget End
2014-11-30
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
$378,890
Indirect Cost
$75,774
Name
Johns Hopkins University
Department
Internal Medicine/Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
001910777
City
Baltimore
State
MD
Country
United States
Zip Code
21218
Russo, Antonio; Oliveira, Giacomo; Berglund, Sofia et al. (2018) NK cell recovery after haploidentical HSCT with posttransplant cyclophosphamide: dynamics and clinical implications. Blood 131:247-262
Kanakry, Christopher G; Bakoyannis, Giorgos; Perkins, Susan M et al. (2017) Plasma-derived proteomic biomarkers in human leukocyte antigen-haploidentical or human leukocyte antigen-matched bone marrow transplantation using post-transplantation cyclophosphamide. Haematologica 102:932-940
Kanakry, Christopher G; Coffey, David G; Towlerton, Andrea M H et al. (2016) Origin and evolution of the T cell repertoire after posttransplantation cyclophosphamide. JCI Insight 1:
Ganguly, Sudipto; Ross, Duncan B; Panoskaltsis-Mortari, Angela et al. (2014) Donor CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells are necessary for posttransplantation cyclophosphamide-mediated protection against GVHD in mice. Blood 124:2131-41
Kanakry, Christopher G; Ganguly, Sudipto; Zahurak, Marianna et al. (2013) Aldehyde dehydrogenase expression drives human regulatory T cell resistance to posttransplantation cyclophosphamide. Sci Transl Med 5:211ra157
Warren, Edus H; Matsen 4th, Frederick A; Chou, Jeffrey (2013) High-throughput sequencing of B- and T-lymphocyte antigen receptors in hematology. Blood 122:19-22
Luznik, Leo; O'Donnell, Paul V; Fuchs, Ephraim J (2012) Post-transplantation cyclophosphamide for tolerance induction in HLA-haploidentical bone marrow transplantation. Semin Oncol 39:683-93
Radojcic, Vedran; Bezak, Karl B; Skarica, Mario et al. (2010) Cyclophosphamide resets dendritic cell homeostasis and enhances antitumor immunity through effects that extend beyond regulatory T cell elimination. Cancer Immunol Immunother 59:137-48
Luznik, Leo; Jones, Richard J; Fuchs, Ephraim J (2010) High-dose cyclophosphamide for graft-versus-host disease prevention. Curr Opin Hematol 17:493-9
Radojcic, Vedran; Pletneva, Maria A; Yen, Hung-Rong et al. (2010) STAT3 signaling in CD4+ T cells is critical for the pathogenesis of chronic sclerodermatous graft-versus-host disease in a murine model. J Immunol 184:764-74