Voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels initiate action potentials in the heart, and voltage-gated calcium (Cav) channels initiate excitation-contraction coupling. They are related proteins with a common evolutionary ancestor, and they are molecular targets for Class I and Class IV antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) used in control of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. The structural basis for AAD action is unknown. We have determined the crystal structure of an ancestral bacterial Nav channel (NavAb) at 2.7 resolution and revealed the structural basis for voltage sensing, pore opening and closing, ion selectivity, and slow inactivation. This structure also revealed fenestrations that lead laterally from the lipid bilayer into the pore and provide an access pathway for entry of pore-blocking AADs. We constructed a Ca-selective form of NavAb, termed CavAb, and used this construct to reveal the structural basis for Ca selectivity at atomic resolution. We are now focusing on the structural basis for state-dependent block of Nav and Cav channels by AADs. CavAb is blocked by all three structural subclasses of Class IV AADs in a state-dependent manner with nM affinity. We found that the phenylalkylamine verapamil binds to a receptor site in the pore, at the inner end of the ion selectivity filter, and physically blocks it. In contrast, amlodipine and other dihydropyridines bind at a site on the lipid-facing outer surface of the pore module, at the interface between two voltage-sensing modules, and allosterically block the pore. These results reveal drug-receptor complexes of Cav channels for the first time and set the stage for complete analysis of the mechanism of state-dependent block of Nav and Cav channels at the atomic level. Our proposed experiments have three goals. 1. We will build upon strong preliminary data to reveal the high-resolution structure of the therapeutically important benzothiazepine diltiazem bound to its receptor site in the pore of CavAb, compare the chemistry of its binding to verapamil, determine the role of fenestrations in state-dependent block of CavAb, and explore the effects of mutations that substitute human residues in the AAD receptor site. 2. We will build on strong preliminary data to reveal the high- resolution structures of Class 1 AADs such as lidocaine and flecainide bound to NavAb, differentiate among the binding poses and receptor site conformations for Subclass 1A, 1B, and 1C AADs, determine the role of fenestrations in state- dependent block of NavAb, and explore the effects of mutations that humanize the NavAb drug receptor. 3. Based on a new homogeneous biochemical preparation, we will use cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of a mammalian cardiac Nav1.5 channel at high resolution, define the structural basis for its unique physiological properties, and elucidate the structural basis for AAD block of Nav1.5 channels. Our results will be crucial for understanding and improving therapy of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias by AADs.
Antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) are used to control life-threatening disturbances of cardiac rhythms, termed arrhythmias, but they often give incomplete control of arrhythmias or have unwanted side effects. These studies will give new, high- resolution structural information on the sites and mechanisms of action of AADs on sodium and calcium channels, which are their therapeutic targets in the heart. Our results will allow design and development of improved medications for treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
| Jiang, Daohua; Gamal El-Din, Tamer M; Ing, Christopher et al. (2018) Structural basis for gating pore current in periodic paralysis. Nature 557:590-594 |
| Catterall, William A; Wisedchaisri, Goragot; Zheng, Ning (2017) The chemical basis for electrical signaling. Nat Chem Biol 13:455-463 |
| Tang, Lin; Gamal El-Din, Tamer M; Swanson, Teresa M et al. (2016) Structural basis for inhibition of a voltage-gated Ca2+ channel by Ca2+ antagonist drugs. Nature 537:117-121 |
| Catterall, William A; Swanson, Teresa M (2015) Structural Basis for Pharmacology of Voltage-Gated Sodium and Calcium Channels. Mol Pharmacol 88:141-50 |
| Catterall, William A (2015) Regulation of Cardiac Calcium Channels in the Fight-or-Flight Response. Curr Mol Pharmacol 8:12-21 |
| Chen-Izu, Ye; Shaw, Robin M; Pitt, Geoffrey S et al. (2015) Na+ channel function, regulation, structure, trafficking and sequestration. J Physiol 593:1347-60 |
| Catterall, William A; Zheng, Ning (2015) Deciphering voltage-gated Na(+) and Ca(2+) channels by studying prokaryotic ancestors. Trends Biochem Sci 40:526-34 |
| Tang, Lin; Gamal El-Din, Tamer M; Payandeh, Jian et al. (2014) Structural basis for Ca2+ selectivity of a voltage-gated calcium channel. Nature 505:56-61 |
| Catterall, William A (2014) Structure and function of voltage-gated sodium channels at atomic resolution. Exp Physiol 99:35-51 |
| Gamal El-Din, Tamer M; Scheuer, Todd; Catterall, William A (2014) Tracking S4 movement by gating pore currents in the bacterial sodium channel NaChBac. J Gen Physiol 144:147-57 |
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