In high burden countries, many patients with tuberculosis (TB) who present to community health centers are lost to follow-up before TB can be diagnosed or treated, leading to ongoing transmission. A primary reason is that the standard approach of collecting sputum specimens over multiple days for microscopic examination is not only insensitive but also inconvenient and costly for patients. Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) is a semi-automated molecular test that identifies 90% of TB cases within 2 hours. Xpert is now recommended as the initial diagnostic test for pulmonary TB but cannot be deployed at community health centers because of cost and infrastructure requirements. To achieve access, utilization and impact on health outcomes, strategies for successful referrals from community health centers to facilities in which Xpert is being deployed are essential. Our overall objective s to assess the effectiveness, implementation and impact of a streamlined, single- sample (SIMPLE) TB diagnostic evaluation strategy. The SIMPLE TB strategy was developed after a theory-informed assessment of provider- and patient-level barriers to TB diagnostic evaluation and through a process of stakeholder engagement. Its components include: 1) Single-sample LED fluorescence microscopy (analysis and reporting of smear results from the initial specimen within two hours); 2) Daily transport of smear-negative sputum samples to Xpert testing sites; 3) SMS-based reporting of Xpert test results to patients and health centers; and 4) Routine feedback of TB evaluation metrics to health center staff. Our central hypothesis is that the SIMPLE TB strategy will increase the number of patients with active TB for whom treatment is initiated. To test this hypothesis, we will conduct a cluster-randomized trial at 20 community health centers in Uganda to determine whether the SIMPLE TB strategy improves TB diagnosis and treatment initiation rates relative to the prevailing standard-of-care (Aim 1). Routine data collected on adults undergoing TB diagnostic evaluation at intervention and control health centers will be used to assess trial outcomes. Concurrently with the clinical trial, we will employ a mixed methods approach to evaluate in detail the process of implementation (Aim 2), focusing on factors that influence the adoption and maintenance of intervention components and faithfulness to our conceptual model. Last, we will perform economic and epidemic modeling to estimate the cost-effectiveness and epidemiological impact (i.e., future TB incidence) of the SIMPLE TB strategy (Aim 3). Relying solely on novel diagnostic technologies without also supporting health system interventions to facilitate their uptake and use is unlikely to result in sustained and meaningful progress in the ongoing fight against TB. The comprehensive research plan will generate the high-quality evidence needed to guide TB policy makers in deciding whether to adopt the SIMPLE TB strategy, and on how best to implement it at other health centers. This research will also lead to a better understanding of the factors and types of interventions associated with successful implementation of novel TB diagnostics in low- income, high TB burden countries.
More than 50 million people worldwide initiate diagnostic evaluation for tuberculosis (TB) at community health centers annually. If successful, the proposed studies will lead to progress towards TB elimination by strengthening health systems and reducing the cost and burden of TB diagnostic evaluation for patients, such that more people with TB are diagnosed and treated.
| Shete, P B; Nalugwa, T; Farr, K et al. (2017) Feasibility of a streamlined tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment initiation strategy. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 21:746-752 |
