Cerebral malaria is the deadliest form of malaria, potentially killing half of its victims-primarily children in sub- Saharan Africa. However, most children in malaria-endemic regions appear to develop immunity to severe malaria early in life, a phenomenon that correlates with the production of antibodies to malaria parasite antigens that are expressed on the surface of infected erythrocytes. These variant surface antigens (VSAs) are the most polymorphic families within the parasite genome: Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane proteins (PfEMP1), repetitive interspersed family proteins (RIFINs) and the sub-telomeric variable open reading frame proteins (STEVORs). Each malaria genome has hundreds of genes encoding these diverse parasite surface antigens, of which only a small subset are expressed on the surface of a given infected erythrocyte. If a subset of VSAs is specific to cerebral malaria, they would be an important target for a malaria vaccine to protect children and travelers from the deadliest consequences of malaria. Work at our field site in rural Mali suggests that malaria parasites express a stealth subgroup of these parasite surface antigens more commonly in cerebral malaria than in milder forms of malaria. Our overall goals are to determine the VSA contribution to the pathophysiology of cerebral malaria and the importance of an individual's development of antibodies to VSAs in the acquisition of immunity to cerebral malaria. This project combines novel genomic and proteomic approaches with the use of a new animal model to measure the association between particular variant surface antigens and the development of cerebral malaria and also protective natural immunity. We will determine the genetic sequences of VSAs in cerebral malaria infections and in matched uncomplicated malaria controls in a cerebral malaria case-control study and ascertain which VSAs are found on the surface on infected erythrocytes (Aim 1). Mice will be infected with these field-derived parasites and the microvascular pathophysiological effects will be identified in the brain, including associations with expressed VSAs (Aim 2). Multiple VSA fragments will be encoded onto microarray chips, which will then be exposed to patients' sera to study antibody interactions with all of these proteins at once (Aim 3). This project introduces cutting-edge research techniques-some from outside the malaria research community-including next-generation sequencing, custom microarrays, proteomics, and a promising new animal model, to advance our understanding of cerebral malaria and the development of a cerebral malaria vaccine.

Public Health Relevance

Malaria parasite proteins on the surface of infected red blood cells allow the parasite to attach t blood vessels in the brain, the first step in the development of deadly cerebral malaria. This project seeks to identify a subset of these malaria parasite proteins particularly associated with vulnerability to cerebral malaria and determine their role in cerebral malaria pathogenesis in a new mouse model. Such a subset of malaria proteins may be an appealing target for a vaccine to protect against cerebral malaria. (End of Abstract)

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01HL130750-03
Application #
9280990
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZHL1-CSR-Q (S1))
Program Officer
Klauzinska, Malgorzata
Project Start
2015-09-15
Project End
2019-05-31
Budget Start
2017-06-01
Budget End
2018-05-31
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2017
Total Cost
$432,014
Indirect Cost
$131,581
Name
University of Maryland Baltimore
Department
Internal Medicine/Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
188435911
City
Baltimore
State
MD
Country
United States
Zip Code
21201
Travassos, Mark A; Niangaly, Amadou; Bailey, Jason A et al. (2018) Children with cerebral malaria or severe malarial anaemia lack immunity to distinct variant surface antigen subsets. Sci Rep 8:6281
Dara, Antoine; Travassos, Mark A; Adams, Matthew et al. (2017) A new method for sequencing the hypervariable Plasmodium falciparum gene var2csa from clinical samples. Malar J 16:343
Dara, Antoine; Drábek, Elliott F; Travassos, Mark A et al. (2017) New var reconstruction algorithm exposes high var sequence diversity in a single geographic location in Mali. Genome Med 9:30