Coronary artery disease (CAD) from calcific atherosclerosis is the single leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The calcium composition of atherosclerotic plaque has predictive value in terms of cardiovascular events. Inflammation is likely a key mediator of vascular calcification, but immune signaling mechanisms that promote this process are minimally understood. Recently, the small GTPase, Rac2, was identified as a major inflammatory regulator of signaling that directs plaque osteogenesis. Atherosclerotic aortas from ApoE-/- mice fed a high fat diet supplemented with cholesterol demonstrated dynamic expression of Rac2 mRNA expression over time. Moreover, decreased Rac2 expression correlated with increased atherosclerotic calcification, both in the experimental animal model and in human coronary artery plaques. Rac2 -/-ApoE -/- mice helped to define a protective role of Rac2, which prevented progressive calcification through its suppression of Rac1-dependent macrophage IL-1? expression. Plaque and serum from mice with calcified plaque demonstrated increased expression of IL-1?, and moreover, treatment with the IL-1 receptor antagonist inhibited the enhanced atherosclerotic calcification. IL-1? expression was a key driver of vascular smooth muscle cell calcium deposition by its ability to promote osteogenic transcriptional programs, including expression of the osteogenic transcription factors, RUNX2, SOX9, OSX and MSX2. Bone marrow transplantation confirmed the progressive calcification of plaque attributable to Rac2 gene deletion was dependent on the hematopoietic compartment. Several key questions remain: 1) what is the role of macrophage Rac1 in plaque development and atherosclerotic calcification in standard experimental models; 2) are macrophages the key cellular source of plaque IL-1?; 3) how does Rac2 suppress Rac1-dependent macrophage IL-1? expression; and 4) are these signaling mechanisms relevant to calcified atherosclerotic plaque from patients with coronary artery disease? The overall objective of the proposed studies is to thoroughly answer these questions. Preliminary data demonstrate that Rac1 can be a key promoter of macrophage IL-1? expression and that Rac2 and Rac1 may antagonize each other through competition for a similar guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Tiam1, which is upregulated under conditions that activate IL-1? expression. The hypothesis is that macrophage Rac signaling determines atherosclerotic plaque IL-1? expression and consequent inflammatory atherosclerotic calcification, and thus disrupting this pathway can be an effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of CAD.
Aim1 will define the role of macrophage Rac1 in plaque IL-1? expression and atherosclerotic calcification.
Aim2 will confirm that Rac1 and Rac2 compete for Tiam1, a critical Rac-GEf that is upregulated during macrophage inflammatory activation as well as during experimental atherosclerosis, and that IL-1? expression and inflammatory atherosclerotic calcification are dependent on Tiam1 expression. Finally, Aim3 will confirm the validity of these macrophage signaling mechanisms in atherosclerotic plaque samples from patients with known coronary artery disease. Confirming that a macrophage Rac-IL-1? signaling axis is a central mechanism in inflammatory atherosclerotic calcification paves the way for developing a novel therapeutic strategy for treating coronary artery disease, as small molecular inhibitors of Rac1 and Rac1-Tiam1 interactions have been developed and are incorporated into a number of the proposed studies.

Public Health Relevance

Coronary artery disease caused by atherosclerosis is the leading cause of disability and death in the world. Calcification or hardening of the atherosclerotic arteries is associated with worse clinical outcomes for patients, but the inflammatory mechanisms that promote calcification are not fully understood. The major goal of the proposed studies is to determine the relevance of a unique and highly specific molecular pathway that directs calcification through the signaling molecule, Rac1. Because potential medicines that block Rac signaling pathways exist, we believe these studies will lead to a new therapeutic strategy for combating this severe disease.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
3R01HL139795-03S1
Application #
9999222
Study Section
Atherosclerosis and Inflammation of the Cardiovascular System Study Section (AICS)
Program Officer
Chen, Jue
Project Start
2018-01-15
Project End
2022-11-30
Budget Start
2020-01-15
Budget End
2020-11-30
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2020
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Ocean State Research Institute, Inc.
Department
Type
DUNS #
848476271
City
Providence
State
RI
Country
United States
Zip Code
02908
Shah, Nishant R; Blankstein, Ron; Villines, Todd et al. (2018) Coronary CTA for Surveillance of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy. Curr Cardiovasc Imaging Rep 11:26